Periodicity: Property Trends in the Periodic Table

Use this Interactive Dynamic table for periodic table trends of electronegativity, ionization energy, atomic radius, melting point, electron affinity, and metallic character. Periodic trends due to arrangement of the periodic table according to similar electronic structure, makes these recurring element properties predictable.

Choose property to see trends :

123456789101112131415161718
1
1
H
Hydrogen

Atomic #

Electronic Shell #

Symbol
Name
Atomic Weight
HGas
HgLiquid
CSolid
Metals
Metalloids
NonMetals
Alkali metals
Alkali earth metals
Lanthanoids
Transition metals
Post-transition metals
Other nonmetals
Halogens
Nobel gas
Actinoids
2
He
Helium
2
3
Li
Lithium
4
Be
Beryllium
5
B
Boron
6
C
Carbon
7
N
Nitrogen
8
O
Oxygen
9
F
Fluorine
10
Ne
Neon
3
11
Na
Sodium
12
Mg
Magnesium
13
Al
Aluminium
14
Si
Silicon
15
P
Phosphorus
16
S
Sulfur
17
Cl
Chlorine
18
Ar
Argon
4
19
K
Potassium
20
Ca
Calcium
21
Sc
Scandium
22
Ti
Titanium
23
V
Vanadium
24
Cr
Chromium
25
Mn
Manganese
26
Fe
Iron
27
Co
Cobalt
28
Ni
Nickel
29
Cu
Copper
30
Zn
Zinc
31
Ga
Gallium
32
Ge
Germanium
33
As
Arsenic
34
Se
Selenium
35
Br
Bromine
36
Kr
Krypton
5
37
Rb
Rubidium
38
Sr
Strontium
39
Y
Yttrium
40
Zr
Zirconium
41
Nb
Niobium
42
Mo
Molybdenum
43
Tc
Technetium
44
Ru
Ruthenium
45
Rh
Rhodium
46
Pd
Palladium
47
Ag
Silver
48
Cd
Cadmium
49
In
Indium
50
Sn
Tin
51
Sb
Antimony
52
Te
Tellurium
53
I
Iodine
54
Xe
Xenon
6
55
Cs
Cesium
56
Ba
Barium
57 - 71
La - Lu
Lanthanides
72
Hf
Hafnium
73
Ta
Tantalum
74
W
Tungsten
75
Re
Rhenium
76
Os
Osmium
77
Ir
Iridium
78
Pt
Platinum
79
Au
Gold
80
Hg
Mercury
81
Tl
Thallium
82
Pb
Lead
83
Bi
Bismuth
84
Po
Polonium
85
At
Astatine
86
Rn
Radon
7
87
Fr
Francium
88
Ra
Radium
89 - 103
Ac - Lr
Actinides
104
Rf
Rutherfordium
105
Db
Dubnium
106
Sg
Seaborgium
107
Bh
Bohrium
108
Hs
Hassium
109
Mt
Meitnerium
110
Ds
Darmstadtium
111
Rg
Roentgenium
112
Cn
Copernicium
113
Nh
Nihonium
114
Fl
Flerovium
115
Mc
Moscovium
116
Lv
Livermorium
117
Ts
Tennessine
118
Og
Oganesson
Lanthanides
57
La
Lanthanum
58
Ce
Cerium
59
Pr
Praseodymium
60
Nd
Neodymium
61
Pm
Promethium
62
Sm
Samarium
63
Eu
Europium
64
Gd
Gadolinium
65
Tb
Terbium
66
Dy
Dysprosium
67
Ho
Holmium
68
Er
Erbium
69
Tm
Thulium
70
Yb
Ytterbium
71
Lu
Lutetium
Actinides
89
Ac
Actinium
90
Th
Thorium
91
Pa
Protactinium
92
U
Uranium
93
Np
Neptunium
94
Pu
Plutonium
95
Am
Americium
96
Cm
Curium
97
Bk
Berkelium
98
Cf
Californium
99
Es
Einsteinium
100
Fm
Fermium
101
Md
Mendelevium
102
No
Nobelium
103
Lr
Lawrencium
Chemical Group Block
-

118 elements found

1
1
H
Hydrogen
1.008
Element Details
Hydrogen Element Properties
ClassificationOther Nonmetal
State at STPGas
Atomic Mass1.00794
Electronegativity2.2 Pauling Scale
Melting Point14.01 K
Boiling Point20.28 K
First Ionisation Energy1312 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius53 pm
Covalent Radius37 pm
Density0.0000899 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity0.1805 W/(m K)
Specific Heat14300 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion0.558 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation0.452 kJ/mol
Molar Volume22.4135 cm3/mol
Discovered1766
Electrons per Shell1
2
2
He
Helium
4.003
Element Details
Helium Element Properties
ClassificationNoble Gas
State at STPGas
Atomic Mass4.002602
Electronegativity
Melting Point0 K
Boiling Point4.22 K
First Ionisation Energy2372.3 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius31 pm
Covalent Radius32 pm
Density0.0001785 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity0.1513 W/(m K)
Specific Heat5193.1 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion0.02 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation0.083 kJ/mol
Molar Volume22.4136 cm3/mol
Discovered1868
Electrons per Shell2
2 1
3
Li
Lithium
6.941
Element Details
Lithium Element Properties
ClassificationAlkali Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass6.941
Electronegativity0.98 Pauling Scale
Melting Point453.69 K
Boiling Point1615 K
First Ionisation Energy520.2 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius167 pm
Covalent Radius134 pm
Density0.535 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity85 W/(m K)
Specific Heat3570 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion3 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation147 kJ/mol
Molar Volume13.02 cm3/mol
Discovered1817
Electrons per Shell2,1
2 2
4
Be
Beryllium
9.012
Element Details
Beryllium Element Properties
ClassificationAlkaline Earth Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass9.012182
Electronegativity1.57 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1560 K
Boiling Point2743 K
First Ionisation Energy899.5 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius112 pm
Covalent Radius90 pm
Density1.848 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity190 W/(m K)
Specific Heat1820 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion7.95 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation297 kJ/mol
Molar Volume4.8767 cm3/mol
Discovered1798
Electrons per Shell2,2
2 3
5
B
Boron
10.811
Element Details
Boron Element Properties
ClassificationMetalloid
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass10.811
Electronegativity2.04 Pauling Scale
Melting Point2348 K
Boiling Point4273 K
First Ionisation Energy800.6 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius87 pm
Covalent Radius82 pm
Density2.46 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity27 W/(m K)
Specific Heat1030 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion50 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation507 kJ/mol
Molar Volume4.3947 cm3/mol
Discovered1808
Electrons per Shell2,3
2 4
6
C
Carbon
12.011
Element Details
Carbon Element Properties
ClassificationOther Nonmetal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass12.0107
Electronegativity2.55 Pauling Scale
Melting Point3823 K
Boiling Point4300 K
First Ionisation Energy1086.5 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius67 pm
Covalent Radius77 pm
Density2.26 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity140 W/(m K)
Specific Heat710 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion105 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation715 kJ/mol
Molar Volume5.29 cm3/mol
Discovered
Electrons per Shell2,4
2 5
7
N
Nitrogen
14.007
Element Details
Nitrogen Element Properties
ClassificationOther Nonmetal
State at STPGas
Atomic Mass14.0067
Electronegativity3.04 Pauling Scale
Melting Point63.05 K
Boiling Point77.36 K
First Ionisation Energy1402.3 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius56 pm
Covalent Radius75 pm
Density0.001251 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity0.02583 W/(m K)
Specific Heat1040 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion0.36 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation2.79 kJ/mol
Molar Volume22.4131 cm3/mol
Discovered1772
Electrons per Shell2,5
2 6
8
O
Oxygen
15.999
Element Details
Oxygen Element Properties
ClassificationOther Nonmetal
State at STPGas
Atomic Mass15.9994
Electronegativity3.44 Pauling Scale
Melting Point54.8 K
Boiling Point90.2 K
First Ionisation Energy1313.9 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius48 pm
Covalent Radius73 pm
Density0.001429 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity0.02658 W/(m K)
Specific Heat919 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion0.222 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation3.41 kJ/mol
Molar Volume22.4134 cm3/mol
Discovered1771
Electrons per Shell2,6
2 7
9
F
Fluorine
18.998
Element Details
Fluorine Element Properties
ClassificationHalogens
State at STPGas
Atomic Mass18.9984032
Electronegativity3.98 Pauling Scale
Melting Point53.5 K
Boiling Point85.03 K
First Ionisation Energy1681 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius42 pm
Covalent Radius71 pm
Density0.001696 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity0.0277 W/(m K)
Specific Heat824 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion0.26 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation3.27 kJ/mol
Molar Volume11.202 cm3/mol
Discovered1810
Electrons per Shell2,7
2 8
10
Ne
Neon
20.180
Element Details
Neon Element Properties
ClassificationNoble Gas
State at STPGas
Atomic Mass20.1797
Electronegativity
Melting Point24.56 K
Boiling Point27.07 K
First Ionisation Energy2080.7 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius38 pm
Covalent Radius69 pm
Density0.0009 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity0.0491 W/(m K)
Specific Heat1030 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion0.34 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation1.75 kJ/mol
Molar Volume22.42 cm3/mol
Discovered1898
Electrons per Shell2,8
2 8 1
11
Na
Sodium
22.990
Element Details
Sodium Element Properties
ClassificationAlkali Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass22.98977
Electronegativity0.93 Pauling Scale
Melting Point370.87 K
Boiling Point1156 K
First Ionisation Energy495.8 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius190 pm
Covalent Radius154 pm
Density0.968 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity140 W/(m K)
Specific Heat1230 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion2.6 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation97.7 kJ/mol
Molar Volume23.75 cm3/mol
Discovered1807
Electrons per Shell2,8,1
2 8 2
12
Mg
Magnesium
24.305
Element Details
Magnesium Element Properties
ClassificationAlkaline Earth Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass24.305
Electronegativity1.31 Pauling Scale
Melting Point923 K
Boiling Point1363 K
First Ionisation Energy737.7 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius145 pm
Covalent Radius130 pm
Density1.738 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity160 W/(m K)
Specific Heat1020 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion8.7 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation128 kJ/mol
Molar Volume13.984 cm3/mol
Discovered1755
Electrons per Shell2,8,2
2 8 3
13
Al
Aluminium
26.982
Element Details
Aluminium Element Properties
ClassificationPost Transition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass26.981538
Electronegativity1.61 Pauling Scale
Melting Point933.47 K
Boiling Point2792 K
First Ionisation Energy577.5 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius118 pm
Covalent Radius118 pm
Density2.7 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity235 W/(m K)
Specific Heat904 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion10.7 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation293 kJ/mol
Molar Volume9.99 cm3/mol
Discovered1825
Electrons per Shell2,8,3
2 8 4
14
Si
Silicon
28.085
Element Details
Silicon Element Properties
ClassificationMetalloid
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass28.0855
Electronegativity1.9 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1687 K
Boiling Point3173 K
First Ionisation Energy786.5 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius111 pm
Covalent Radius111 pm
Density2.33 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity150 W/(m K)
Specific Heat710 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion50.2 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation359 kJ/mol
Molar Volume12.054 cm3/mol
Discovered1823
Electrons per Shell2,8,4
2 8 5
15
P
Phosphorus
30.974
Element Details
Phosphorus Element Properties
ClassificationOther Nonmetal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass30.973761
Electronegativity2.19 Pauling Scale
Melting Point317.3 K
Boiling Point553.6 K
First Ionisation Energy1011.8 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius98 pm
Covalent Radius106 pm
Density1.823 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity0.236 W/(m K)
Specific Heat769.7 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion0.64 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation12.4 kJ/mol
Molar Volume16.991 cm3/mol
Discovered1669
Electrons per Shell2,8,5
2 8 6
16
S
Sulfur
32.065
Element Details
Sulfur Element Properties
ClassificationOther Nonmetal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass32.065
Electronegativity2.58 Pauling Scale
Melting Point388.36 K
Boiling Point717.87 K
First Ionisation Energy999.6 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius88 pm
Covalent Radius102 pm
Density1.96 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity0.205 W/(m K)
Specific Heat705 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion1.73 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation9.8 kJ/mol
Molar Volume15.53 cm3/mol
Discovered
Electrons per Shell2,8,6
2 8 7
17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
Element Details
Chlorine Element Properties
ClassificationHalogens
State at STPGas
Atomic Mass35.453
Electronegativity3.16 Pauling Scale
Melting Point171.6 K
Boiling Point239.11 K
First Ionisation Energy1251.2 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius79 pm
Covalent Radius99 pm
Density0.003214 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity0.0089 W/(m K)
Specific Heat478.2 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion3.2 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation10.2 kJ/mol
Molar Volume22.4129 cm3/mol
Discovered1774
Electrons per Shell2,8,7
2 8 8
18
Ar
Argon
39.948
Element Details
Argon Element Properties
ClassificationNoble Gas
State at STPGas
Atomic Mass39.948
Electronegativity
Melting Point83.8 K
Boiling Point87.3 K
First Ionisation Energy1520.6 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius71 pm
Covalent Radius97 pm
Density0.001784 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity0.01772 W/(m K)
Specific Heat520.33 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion1.18 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation6.5 kJ/mol
Molar Volume22.4134 cm3/mol
Discovered1894
Electrons per Shell2,8,8
2 8 8 1
19
K
Potassium
39.098
Element Details
Potassium Element Properties
ClassificationAlkali Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass39.0983
Electronegativity0.82 Pauling Scale
Melting Point336.53 K
Boiling Point1032 K
First Ionisation Energy418.8 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius243 pm
Covalent Radius196 pm
Density0.856 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity100 W/(m K)
Specific Heat757 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion2.33 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation76.9 kJ/mol
Molar Volume45.68 cm3/mol
Discovered1807
Electrons per Shell2,8,8,1
2 8 8 2
20
Ca
Calcium
40.078
Element Details
Calcium Element Properties
ClassificationAlkaline Earth Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass40.078
Electronegativity1 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1115 K
Boiling Point1757 K
First Ionisation Energy589.8 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius194 pm
Covalent Radius174 pm
Density1.55 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity200 W/(m K)
Specific Heat631 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion8.54 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation155 kJ/mol
Molar Volume25.857 cm3/mol
Discovered1808
Electrons per Shell2,8,8,2
2 8 9 2
21
Sc
Scandium
44.956
Element Details
Scandium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass44.95591
Electronegativity1.36 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1814 K
Boiling Point3103 K
First Ionisation Energy633.1 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius184 pm
Covalent Radius144 pm
Density2.985 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity16 W/(m K)
Specific Heat567 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion16 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation318 kJ/mol
Molar Volume15.061 cm3/mol
Discovered1879
Electrons per Shell2,8,9,2
2 8 10 2
22
Ti
Titanium
47.867
Element Details
Titanium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass47.867
Electronegativity1.54 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1941 K
Boiling Point3560 K
First Ionisation Energy658.8 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius176 pm
Covalent Radius136 pm
Density4.507 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity22 W/(m K)
Specific Heat520 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion18.7 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation425 kJ/mol
Molar Volume10.621 cm3/mol
Discovered1791
Electrons per Shell2,8,10,2
2 8 11 2
23
V
Vanadium
50.941
Element Details
Vanadium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass50.9415
Electronegativity1.63 Pauling Scale
Melting Point2183 K
Boiling Point3680 K
First Ionisation Energy650.9 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius171 pm
Covalent Radius125 pm
Density6.11 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity31 W/(m K)
Specific Heat489 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion22.8 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation453 kJ/mol
Molar Volume8.3374 cm3/mol
Discovered1801
Electrons per Shell2,8,11,2
2 8 13 1
24
Cr
Chromium
51.996
Element Details
Chromium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass51.9961
Electronegativity1.66 Pauling Scale
Melting Point2180 K
Boiling Point2944 K
First Ionisation Energy652.9 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius166 pm
Covalent Radius127 pm
Density7.14 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity94 W/(m K)
Specific Heat448 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion20.5 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation339 kJ/mol
Molar Volume7.2824 cm3/mol
Discovered1797
Electrons per Shell2,8,13,1
2 8 13 2
25
Mn
Manganese
54.938
Element Details
Manganese Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass54.938049
Electronegativity1.55 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1519 K
Boiling Point2334 K
First Ionisation Energy717.3 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius161 pm
Covalent Radius139 pm
Density7.47 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity7.8 W/(m K)
Specific Heat479 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion13.2 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation220 kJ/mol
Molar Volume7.3545 cm3/mol
Discovered1774
Electrons per Shell2,8,13,2
2 8 14 2
26
Fe
Iron
55.845
Element Details
Iron Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass55.845
Electronegativity1.83 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1811 K
Boiling Point3134 K
First Ionisation Energy762.5 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius156 pm
Covalent Radius125 pm
Density7.874 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity80 W/(m K)
Specific Heat449 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion13.8 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation347 kJ/mol
Molar Volume7.0923 cm3/mol
Discovered
Electrons per Shell2,8,14,2
2 8 15 2
27
Co
Cobalt
58.933
Element Details
Cobalt Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass58.9332
Electronegativity1.88 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1768 K
Boiling Point3200 K
First Ionisation Energy760.4 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius152 pm
Covalent Radius126 pm
Density8.9 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity100 W/(m K)
Specific Heat421 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion16.2 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation375 kJ/mol
Molar Volume6.62 cm3/mol
Discovered1735
Electrons per Shell2,8,15,2
2 8 16 2
28
Ni
Nickel
58.693
Element Details
Nickel Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass58.6934
Electronegativity1.91 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1728 K
Boiling Point3186 K
First Ionisation Energy737.1 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius149 pm
Covalent Radius121 pm
Density8.908 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity91 W/(m K)
Specific Heat445 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion17.2 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation378 kJ/mol
Molar Volume6.5888 cm3/mol
Discovered1751
Electrons per Shell2,8,16,2
2 8 18 1
29
Cu
Copper
63.546
Element Details
Copper Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass63.546
Electronegativity1.9 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1357.77 K
Boiling Point3200 K
First Ionisation Energy745.5 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius145 pm
Covalent Radius138 pm
Density8.92 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity400 W/(m K)
Specific Heat384.4 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion13.1 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation300 kJ/mol
Molar Volume7.124 cm3/mol
Discovered
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,1
2 8 18 2
30
Zn
Zinc
65.409
Element Details
Zinc Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass65.409
Electronegativity1.65 Pauling Scale
Melting Point692.68 K
Boiling Point1180 K
First Ionisation Energy906.4 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius142 pm
Covalent Radius131 pm
Density7.14 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity120 W/(m K)
Specific Heat388 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion7.35 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation119 kJ/mol
Molar Volume9.161 cm3/mol
Discovered
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,2
2 8 18 3
31
Ga
Gallium
69.723
Element Details
Gallium Element Properties
ClassificationPost Transition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass69.723
Electronegativity1.81 Pauling Scale
Melting Point302.91 K
Boiling Point2477 K
First Ionisation Energy578.8 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius136 pm
Covalent Radius126 pm
Density5.904 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity29 W/(m K)
Specific Heat371 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion5.59 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation256 kJ/mol
Molar Volume11.809 cm3/mol
Discovered1875
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,3
2 8 18 4
32
Ge
Germanium
72.640
Element Details
Germanium Element Properties
ClassificationMetalloid
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass72.64
Electronegativity2.01 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1211.4 K
Boiling Point3093 K
First Ionisation Energy762 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius125 pm
Covalent Radius122 pm
Density5.323 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity60 W/(m K)
Specific Heat321.4 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion31.8 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation334 kJ/mol
Molar Volume13.646 cm3/mol
Discovered1886
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,4
2 8 18 5
33
As
Arsenic
74.922
Element Details
Arsenic Element Properties
ClassificationMetalloid
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass74.9216
Electronegativity2.18 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1090 K
Boiling Point887 K
First Ionisation Energy947 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius114 pm
Covalent Radius119 pm
Density5.727 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity50 W/(m K)
Specific Heat328 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion27.7 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation32.4 kJ/mol
Molar Volume12.95 cm3/mol
Discovered
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,5
2 8 18 6
34
Se
Selenium
78.960
Element Details
Selenium Element Properties
ClassificationOther Nonmetal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass78.96
Electronegativity2.55 Pauling Scale
Melting Point494 K
Boiling Point958 K
First Ionisation Energy941 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius103 pm
Covalent Radius116 pm
Density4.819 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity0.52 W/(m K)
Specific Heat321.2 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion5.4 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation26 kJ/mol
Molar Volume16.385 cm3/mol
Discovered1817
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,6
2 8 18 7
35
Br
Bromine
79.904
Element Details
Bromine Element Properties
ClassificationHalogens
State at STPLiquid
Atomic Mass79.904
Electronegativity2.96 Pauling Scale
Melting Point265.8 K
Boiling Point332 K
First Ionisation Energy1139.9 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius94 pm
Covalent Radius114 pm
Density3.12 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity0.12 W/(m K)
Specific Heat947.3 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion5.8 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation14.8 kJ/mol
Molar Volume19.78 cm3/mol
Discovered1825
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,7
2 8 18 8
36
Kr
Krypton
83.798
Element Details
Krypton Element Properties
ClassificationNoble Gas
State at STPGas
Atomic Mass83.798
Electronegativity3 Pauling Scale
Melting Point115.79 K
Boiling Point119.93 K
First Ionisation Energy1350.8 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius88 pm
Covalent Radius110 pm
Density0.00375 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity0.00943 W/(m K)
Specific Heat248.05 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion1.64 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation9.02 kJ/mol
Molar Volume22.35 cm3/mol
Discovered1898
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,8
2 8 18 8 1
37
Rb
Rubidium
85.468
Element Details
Rubidium Element Properties
ClassificationAlkali Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass85.4678
Electronegativity0.82 Pauling Scale
Melting Point312.46 K
Boiling Point961 K
First Ionisation Energy403 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius265 pm
Covalent Radius211 pm
Density1.532 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity58 W/(m K)
Specific Heat364 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion2.19 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation72 kJ/mol
Molar Volume55.788 cm3/mol
Discovered1861
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,8,1
2 8 18 8 2
38
Sr
Strontium
87.620
Element Details
Strontium Element Properties
ClassificationAlkaline Earth Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass87.62
Electronegativity0.95 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1050 K
Boiling Point1655 K
First Ionisation Energy549.5 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius219 pm
Covalent Radius192 pm
Density2.63 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity35 W/(m K)
Specific Heat300 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion8 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation137 kJ/mol
Molar Volume33.94 cm3/mol
Discovered1787
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,8,2
2 8 18 9 2
39
Y
Yttrium
88.906
Element Details
Yttrium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass88.90585
Electronegativity1.22 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1799 K
Boiling Point3618 K
First Ionisation Energy600 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius212 pm
Covalent Radius162 pm
Density4.472 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity17 W/(m K)
Specific Heat298 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion11.4 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation380 kJ/mol
Molar Volume19.881 cm3/mol
Discovered1794
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,9,2
2 8 18 10 2
40
Zr
Zirconium
91.224
Element Details
Zirconium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass91.224
Electronegativity1.33 Pauling Scale
Melting Point2128 K
Boiling Point4682 K
First Ionisation Energy640.1 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius206 pm
Covalent Radius148 pm
Density6.511 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity23 W/(m K)
Specific Heat278 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion21 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation580 kJ/mol
Molar Volume14.011 cm3/mol
Discovered1789
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,10,2
2 8 18 12 1
41
Nb
Niobium
92.906
Element Details
Niobium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass92.90638
Electronegativity1.6 Pauling Scale
Melting Point2750 K
Boiling Point5017 K
First Ionisation Energy652.1 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius198 pm
Covalent Radius137 pm
Density8.57 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity54 W/(m K)
Specific Heat265 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion26.8 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation690 kJ/mol
Molar Volume10.841 cm3/mol
Discovered1801
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,12,1
2 8 18 13 1
42
Mo
Molybdenum
95.940
Element Details
Molybdenum Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass95.94
Electronegativity2.16 Pauling Scale
Melting Point2896 K
Boiling Point4912 K
First Ionisation Energy684.3 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius190 pm
Covalent Radius145 pm
Density10.28 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity139 W/(m K)
Specific Heat251 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion36 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation600 kJ/mol
Molar Volume9.333 cm3/mol
Discovered1778
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,13,1
2 8 18 13 2
43
Tc
Technetium
98
Element Details
Technetium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass98
Electronegativity1.9 Pauling Scale
Melting Point2430 K
Boiling Point4538 K
First Ionisation Energy702 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius183 pm
Covalent Radius156 pm
Density11.5 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity51 W/(m K)
Specific Heat63 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion23 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation550 kJ/mol
Molar Volume8.522 cm3/mol
Discovered1937
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,13,2
2 8 18 15 1
44
Ru
Ruthenium
101.070
Element Details
Ruthenium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass101.07
Electronegativity2.2 Pauling Scale
Melting Point2607 K
Boiling Point4423 K
First Ionisation Energy710.2 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius178 pm
Covalent Radius126 pm
Density12.37 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity120 W/(m K)
Specific Heat238 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion25.7 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation580 kJ/mol
Molar Volume8.1706 cm3/mol
Discovered1844
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,15,1
2 8 18 16 1
45
Rh
Rhodium
102.906
Element Details
Rhodium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass102.9055
Electronegativity2.28 Pauling Scale
Melting Point2237 K
Boiling Point3968 K
First Ionisation Energy719.7 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius173 pm
Covalent Radius135 pm
Density12.45 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity150 W/(m K)
Specific Heat240 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion21.7 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation495 kJ/mol
Molar Volume8.2655 cm3/mol
Discovered1804
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,16,1
2 8 18 18
46
Pd
Palladium
106.420
Element Details
Palladium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass106.42
Electronegativity2.2 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1828.05 K
Boiling Point3236 K
First Ionisation Energy804.4 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius169 pm
Covalent Radius131 pm
Density12.023 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity72 W/(m K)
Specific Heat240 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion16.7 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation380 kJ/mol
Molar Volume8.8514 cm3/mol
Discovered1803
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,18
2 8 18 18 1
47
Ag
Silver
107.868
Element Details
Silver Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass107.8682
Electronegativity1.93 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1234.93 K
Boiling Point2435 K
First Ionisation Energy731 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius165 pm
Covalent Radius153 pm
Density10.49 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity430 W/(m K)
Specific Heat235 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion11.3 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation255 kJ/mol
Molar Volume10.283 cm3/mol
Discovered
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,18,1
2 8 18 18 2
48
Cd
Cadmium
112.411
Element Details
Cadmium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass112.411
Electronegativity1.69 Pauling Scale
Melting Point594.22 K
Boiling Point1040 K
First Ionisation Energy867.8 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius161 pm
Covalent Radius148 pm
Density8.65 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity97 W/(m K)
Specific Heat230 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion6.3 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation100 kJ/mol
Molar Volume12.995 cm3/mol
Discovered1817
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,18,2
2 8 18 18 3
49
In
Indium
114.818
Element Details
Indium Element Properties
ClassificationPost Transition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass114.818
Electronegativity1.78 Pauling Scale
Melting Point429.75 K
Boiling Point2345 K
First Ionisation Energy558.3 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius156 pm
Covalent Radius144 pm
Density7.31 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity82 W/(m K)
Specific Heat233 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion3.26 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation230 kJ/mol
Molar Volume15.707 cm3/mol
Discovered1863
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,18,3
2 8 18 18 4
50
Sn
Tin
118.710
Element Details
Tin Element Properties
ClassificationPost Transition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass118.71
Electronegativity1.96 Pauling Scale
Melting Point505.08 K
Boiling Point2875 K
First Ionisation Energy708.6 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius145 pm
Covalent Radius141 pm
Density7.31 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity67 W/(m K)
Specific Heat217 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion7 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation290 kJ/mol
Molar Volume16.239 cm3/mol
Discovered
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,18,4
2 8 18 18 5
51
Sb
Antimony
121.760
Element Details
Antimony Element Properties
ClassificationMetalloid
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass121.76
Electronegativity2.05 Pauling Scale
Melting Point903.78 K
Boiling Point1860 K
First Ionisation Energy834 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius133 pm
Covalent Radius138 pm
Density6.697 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity24 W/(m K)
Specific Heat207 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion19.7 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation68 kJ/mol
Molar Volume18.181 cm3/mol
Discovered
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,18,5
2 8 18 18 6
52
Te
Tellurium
127.600
Element Details
Tellurium Element Properties
ClassificationMetalloid
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass127.6
Electronegativity2.1 Pauling Scale
Melting Point722.66 K
Boiling Point1261 K
First Ionisation Energy869.3 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius123 pm
Covalent Radius135 pm
Density6.24 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity3 W/(m K)
Specific Heat201 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion17.5 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation48 kJ/mol
Molar Volume20.449 cm3/mol
Discovered1782
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,18,6
2 8 18 18 7
53
I
Iodine
126.904
Element Details
Iodine Element Properties
ClassificationHalogens
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass126.90447
Electronegativity2.66 Pauling Scale
Melting Point386.85 K
Boiling Point457.4 K
First Ionisation Energy1008.4 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius115 pm
Covalent Radius133 pm
Density4.94 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity0.449 W/(m K)
Specific Heat429 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion7.76 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation20.9 kJ/mol
Molar Volume25.689 cm3/mol
Discovered1811
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,18,7
2 8 18 18 8
54
Xe
Xenon
131.293
Element Details
Xenon Element Properties
ClassificationNoble Gas
State at STPGas
Atomic Mass131.293
Electronegativity2.6 Pauling Scale
Melting Point161.3 K
Boiling Point165.1 K
First Ionisation Energy1170.4 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius108 pm
Covalent Radius130 pm
Density0.0059 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity0.00565 W/(m K)
Specific Heat158.32 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion2.3 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation12.64 kJ/mol
Molar Volume22.4128 cm3/mol
Discovered1898
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,18,8
2 8 18 18 8 1
55
Cs
Cesium
132.905
Element Details
Cesium Element Properties
ClassificationAlkali Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass132.90545
Electronegativity0.79 Pauling Scale
Melting Point301.59 K
Boiling Point944 K
First Ionisation Energy375.7 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius298 pm
Covalent Radius225 pm
Density1.879 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity36 W/(m K)
Specific Heat242 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion2.09 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation65 kJ/mol
Molar Volume70.732 cm3/mol
Discovered1860
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,18,8,1
2 8 18 18 8 2
56
Ba
Barium
137.327
Element Details
Barium Element Properties
ClassificationAlkaline Earth Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass137.327
Electronegativity0.89 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1000 K
Boiling Point2143 K
First Ionisation Energy502.9 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius253 pm
Covalent Radius198 pm
Density3.51 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity18 W/(m K)
Specific Heat205 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion8 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation140 kJ/mol
Molar Volume38.16 cm3/mol
Discovered1772
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,18,8,2
2 8 18 18 9 2
57
La
Lanthanum
138.905
Element Details
Lanthanum Element Properties
ClassificationLanthanide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass138.9055
Electronegativity1.1 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1193 K
Boiling Point3737 K
First Ionisation Energy538.1 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius195 pm
Covalent Radius169 pm
Density6.146 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity13 W/(m K)
Specific Heat195 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion6.2 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation400 kJ/mol
Molar Volume22.386 cm3/mol
Discovered1838
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,18,9,2
2 8 18 19 9 2
58
Ce
Cerium
140.116
Element Details
Cerium Element Properties
ClassificationLanthanide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass140.116
Electronegativity1.12 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1071 K
Boiling Point3633 K
First Ionisation Energy534.4 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius185 pm
Covalent Radius
Density6.689 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity11 W/(m K)
Specific Heat192 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion5.5 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation350 kJ/mol
Molar Volume20.947 cm3/mol
Discovered1803
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,19,9,2
2 8 18 21 8 2
59
Pr
Praseodymium
140.908
Element Details
Praseodymium Element Properties
ClassificationLanthanide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass140.90765
Electronegativity1.13 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1204 K
Boiling Point3563 K
First Ionisation Energy527 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius247 pm
Covalent Radius
Density6.64 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity13 W/(m K)
Specific Heat193 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion6.9 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation330 kJ/mol
Molar Volume20.8 cm3/mol
Discovered1885
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,21,8,2
2 8 18 22 8 2
60
Nd
Neodymium
144.240
Element Details
Neodymium Element Properties
ClassificationLanthanide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass144.24
Electronegativity1.14 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1294 K
Boiling Point3373 K
First Ionisation Energy533.1 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius206 pm
Covalent Radius
Density7.01 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity17 W/(m K)
Specific Heat190 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion7.1 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation285 kJ/mol
Molar Volume20.576 cm3/mol
Discovered1885
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,22,8,2
2 8 18 23 8 2
61
Pm
Promethium
145
Element Details
Promethium Element Properties
ClassificationLanthanide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass145
Electronegativity1.13 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1373 K
Boiling Point3273 K
First Ionisation Energy540 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius205 pm
Covalent Radius
Density7.264 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity15 W/(m K)
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion7.7 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation290 kJ/mol
Molar Volume20.23 cm3/mol
Discovered1942
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,23,8,2
2 8 18 24 8 2
62
Sm
Samarium
150.360
Element Details
Samarium Element Properties
ClassificationLanthanide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass150.36
Electronegativity1.17 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1345 K
Boiling Point2076 K
First Ionisation Energy544.5 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius238 pm
Covalent Radius
Density7.353 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity13 W/(m K)
Specific Heat196 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion8.6 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation175 kJ/mol
Molar Volume19.98 cm3/mol
Discovered1879
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,24,8,2
2 8 18 25 8 2
63
Eu
Europium
151.964
Element Details
Europium Element Properties
ClassificationLanthanide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass151.964
Electronegativity1.2 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1095 K
Boiling Point1800 K
First Ionisation Energy547.1 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius231 pm
Covalent Radius
Density5.244 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity14 W/(m K)
Specific Heat182 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion9.2 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation175 kJ/mol
Molar Volume28.979 cm3/mol
Discovered1896
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,25,8,2
2 8 18 25 9 2
64
Gd
Gadolinium
157.250
Element Details
Gadolinium Element Properties
ClassificationLanthanide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass157.25
Electronegativity1.2 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1586 K
Boiling Point3523 K
First Ionisation Energy593.4 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius233 pm
Covalent Radius
Density7.901 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity11 W/(m K)
Specific Heat240 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion10 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation305 kJ/mol
Molar Volume19.903 cm3/mol
Discovered1880
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,25,9,2
2 8 18 27 8 2
65
Tb
Terbium
158.925
Element Details
Terbium Element Properties
ClassificationLanthanide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass158.92534
Electronegativity1.1 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1629 K
Boiling Point3503 K
First Ionisation Energy565.8 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius225 pm
Covalent Radius
Density8.219 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity11 W/(m K)
Specific Heat182 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion10.8 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation295 kJ/mol
Molar Volume19.336 cm3/mol
Discovered1842
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,27,8,2
2 8 18 28 8 2
66
Dy
Dysprosium
162.500
Element Details
Dysprosium Element Properties
ClassificationLanthanide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass162.5
Electronegativity1.22 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1685 K
Boiling Point2840 K
First Ionisation Energy573 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius228 pm
Covalent Radius
Density8.551 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity11 W/(m K)
Specific Heat167 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion11.1 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation280 kJ/mol
Molar Volume19.004 cm3/mol
Discovered1886
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,28,8,2
2 8 18 29 8 2
67
Ho
Holmium
164.930
Element Details
Holmium Element Properties
ClassificationLanthanide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass164.93032
Electronegativity1.23 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1747 K
Boiling Point2973 K
First Ionisation Energy581 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius226 pm
Covalent Radius
Density8.795 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity16 W/(m K)
Specific Heat165 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion17 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation265 kJ/mol
Molar Volume18.753 cm3/mol
Discovered1878
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,29,8,2
2 8 18 30 8 2
68
Er
Erbium
167.259
Element Details
Erbium Element Properties
ClassificationLanthanide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass167.259
Electronegativity1.24 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1770 K
Boiling Point3141 K
First Ionisation Energy589.3 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius226 pm
Covalent Radius
Density9.066 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity15 W/(m K)
Specific Heat168 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion19.9 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation285 kJ/mol
Molar Volume18.449 cm3/mol
Discovered1842
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,30,8,2
2 8 18 31 8 2
69
Tm
Thulium
168.934
Element Details
Thulium Element Properties
ClassificationLanthanide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass168.93421
Electronegativity1.25 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1818 K
Boiling Point2223 K
First Ionisation Energy596.7 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius222 pm
Covalent Radius
Density9.321 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity17 W/(m K)
Specific Heat160 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion16.8 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation250 kJ/mol
Molar Volume19.13 cm3/mol
Discovered1879
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,31,8,2
2 8 18 32 8 2
70
Yb
Ytterbium
173.040
Element Details
Ytterbium Element Properties
ClassificationLanthanide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass173.04
Electronegativity1.1 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1092 K
Boiling Point1469 K
First Ionisation Energy603.4 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius222 pm
Covalent Radius
Density6.57 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity39 W/(m K)
Specific Heat154 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion7.7 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation160 kJ/mol
Molar Volume24.84 cm3/mol
Discovered1878
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,8,2
2 8 18 32 9 2
71
Lu
Lutetium
174.967
Element Details
Lutetium Element Properties
ClassificationLanthanide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass174.967
Electronegativity1.27 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1936 K
Boiling Point3675 K
First Ionisation Energy523.5 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius217 pm
Covalent Radius160 pm
Density9.841 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity16 W/(m K)
Specific Heat154 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion22 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation415 kJ/mol
Molar Volume17.78 cm3/mol
Discovered1906
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,9,2
2 8 18 32 10 2
72
Hf
Hafnium
178.490
Element Details
Hafnium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass178.49
Electronegativity1.3 Pauling Scale
Melting Point2506 K
Boiling Point4876 K
First Ionisation Energy658.5 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius208 pm
Covalent Radius150 pm
Density13.31 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity23 W/(m K)
Specific Heat144 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion25.5 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation630 kJ/mol
Molar Volume13.44 cm3/mol
Discovered1922
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,10,2
2 8 18 32 11 2
73
Ta
Tantalum
180.948
Element Details
Tantalum Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass180.9479
Electronegativity1.5 Pauling Scale
Melting Point3290 K
Boiling Point5731 K
First Ionisation Energy761 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius200 pm
Covalent Radius138 pm
Density16.65 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity57 W/(m K)
Specific Heat140 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion36 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation735 kJ/mol
Molar Volume10.85 cm3/mol
Discovered1802
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,11,2
2 8 18 32 12 2
74
W
Tungsten
183.840
Element Details
Tungsten Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass183.84
Electronegativity2.36 Pauling Scale
Melting Point3695 K
Boiling Point5828 K
First Ionisation Energy770 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius193 pm
Covalent Radius146 pm
Density19.25 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity170 W/(m K)
Specific Heat132 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion35 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation800 kJ/mol
Molar Volume9.47 cm3/mol
Discovered1781
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,12,2
2 8 18 32 13 2
75
Re
Rhenium
186.207
Element Details
Rhenium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass186.207
Electronegativity1.9 Pauling Scale
Melting Point3459 K
Boiling Point5869 K
First Ionisation Energy760 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius188 pm
Covalent Radius159 pm
Density21.02 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity48 W/(m K)
Specific Heat137 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion33 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation705 kJ/mol
Molar Volume8.86 cm3/mol
Discovered1908
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,13,2
2 8 18 32 14 2
76
Os
Osmium
190.230
Element Details
Osmium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass190.23
Electronegativity2.2 Pauling Scale
Melting Point3306 K
Boiling Point5285 K
First Ionisation Energy840 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius185 pm
Covalent Radius128 pm
Density22.59 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity88 W/(m K)
Specific Heat130 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion31 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation630 kJ/mol
Molar Volume8.421 cm3/mol
Discovered1803
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,14,2
2 8 18 32 15 2
77
Ir
Iridium
192.217
Element Details
Iridium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass192.217
Electronegativity2.2 Pauling Scale
Melting Point2739 K
Boiling Point4701 K
First Ionisation Energy880 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius180 pm
Covalent Radius137 pm
Density22.56 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity150 W/(m K)
Specific Heat131 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion26 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation560 kJ/mol
Molar Volume8.5203 cm3/mol
Discovered1803
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,15,2
2 8 18 32 17 1
78
Pt
Platinum
195.078
Element Details
Platinum Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass195.078
Electronegativity2.28 Pauling Scale
Melting Point2041.4 K
Boiling Point4098 K
First Ionisation Energy870 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius177 pm
Covalent Radius128 pm
Density21.09 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity72 W/(m K)
Specific Heat133 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion20 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation490 kJ/mol
Molar Volume9.09 cm3/mol
Discovered1748
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,17,1
2 8 18 32 18 1
79
Au
Gold
196.967
Element Details
Gold Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass196.96655
Electronegativity2.54 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1337.33 K
Boiling Point3129 K
First Ionisation Energy890.1 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius174 pm
Covalent Radius144 pm
Density19.3 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity320 W/(m K)
Specific Heat129.1 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion12.5 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation330 kJ/mol
Molar Volume10.21 cm3/mol
Discovered
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,18,1
2 8 18 32 18 2
80
Hg
Mercury
200.590
Element Details
Mercury Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPLiquid
Atomic Mass200.59
Electronegativity2 Pauling Scale
Melting Point234.32 K
Boiling Point629.88 K
First Ionisation Energy1007.1 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius171 pm
Covalent Radius149 pm
Density13.534 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity8.3 W/(m K)
Specific Heat139.5 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion2.29 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation59.2 kJ/mol
Molar Volume14.09 cm3/mol
Discovered
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,18,2
2 8 18 32 18 3
81
Tl
Thallium
204.383
Element Details
Thallium Element Properties
ClassificationPost Transition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass204.3833
Electronegativity1.62 Pauling Scale
Melting Point577 K
Boiling Point1746 K
First Ionisation Energy589.4 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius156 pm
Covalent Radius148 pm
Density11.85 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity46 W/(m K)
Specific Heat129 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion4.2 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation165 kJ/mol
Molar Volume17.24 cm3/mol
Discovered1861
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,18,3
2 8 18 32 18 4
82
Pb
Lead
207.200
Element Details
Lead Element Properties
ClassificationPost Transition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass207.2
Electronegativity2.33 Pauling Scale
Melting Point600.61 K
Boiling Point2022 K
First Ionisation Energy715.6 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius154 pm
Covalent Radius147 pm
Density11.34 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity35 W/(m K)
Specific Heat127 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion4.77 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation178 kJ/mol
Molar Volume18.27 cm3/mol
Discovered
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,18,4
2 8 18 32 18 5
83
Bi
Bismuth
208.980
Element Details
Bismuth Element Properties
ClassificationPost Transition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass208.98038
Electronegativity2.02 Pauling Scale
Melting Point544.4 K
Boiling Point1837 K
First Ionisation Energy703 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius143 pm
Covalent Radius146 pm
Density9.78 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity8 W/(m K)
Specific Heat122 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion10.9 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation160 kJ/mol
Molar Volume21.31 cm3/mol
Discovered1753
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,18,5
2 8 18 32 18 6
84
Po
Polonium
209
Element Details
Polonium Element Properties
ClassificationMetalloid
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass209
Electronegativity2 Pauling Scale
Melting Point527 K
Boiling Point1235 K
First Ionisation Energy812.1 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius135 pm
Covalent Radius
Density9.196 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion13 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation100 kJ/mol
Molar Volume22.97 cm3/mol
Discovered1898
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,18,6
2 8 18 32 18 7
85
At
Astatine
210
Element Details
Astatine Element Properties
ClassificationHalogens
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass210
Electronegativity2.2 Pauling Scale
Melting Point575 K
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy899.003 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius127 pm
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity2 W/(m K)
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion6 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation40 kJ/mol
Molar Volume
Discovered1940
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,18,7
2 8 18 32 18 8
86
Rn
Radon
222
Element Details
Radon Element Properties
ClassificationNoble Gas
State at STPGas
Atomic Mass222
Electronegativity2.2 Pauling Scale
Melting Point202 K
Boiling Point211.3 K
First Ionisation Energy1037 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius120 pm
Covalent Radius145 pm
Density0.00973 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity0.00361 W/(m K)
Specific Heat93.65 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion3 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation17 kJ/mol
Molar Volume50.5 cm3/mol
Discovered1899
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,18,8
2 8 18 32 18 8 1
87
Fr
Francium
223
Element Details
Francium Element Properties
ClassificationAlkali Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass223
Electronegativity0.79 Pauling Scale
Melting Point281 K
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy380 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion2 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation65 kJ/mol
Molar Volume
Discovered1939
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,18,8,1
2 8 18 32 18 8 2
88
Ra
Radium
226
Element Details
Radium Element Properties
ClassificationAlkaline Earth Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass226
Electronegativity0.9 Pauling Scale
Melting Point973 K
Boiling Point2010 K
First Ionisation Energy509.3 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density5 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity19 W/(m K)
Specific Heat92 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion8 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation125 kJ/mol
Molar Volume41.09 cm3/mol
Discovered1898
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,18,8,2
2 8 18 32 18 9 2
89
Ac
Actinium
227
Element Details
Actinium Element Properties
ClassificationActinide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass227
Electronegativity1.1 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1323 K
Boiling Point3473 K
First Ionisation Energy499 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius195 pm
Covalent Radius
Density10.07 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity12 W/(m K)
Specific Heat120 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion14 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation400 kJ/mol
Molar Volume22.5422 cm3/mol
Discovered1902
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,18,9,2
2 8 18 32 18 10 2
90
Th
Thorium
232.038
Element Details
Thorium Element Properties
ClassificationActinide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass232.0381
Electronegativity1.3 Pauling Scale
Melting Point2023 K
Boiling Point5093 K
First Ionisation Energy587 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius180 pm
Covalent Radius
Density11.724 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity54 W/(m K)
Specific Heat118 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion16 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation530 kJ/mol
Molar Volume19.7917 cm3/mol
Discovered1829
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,18,10,2
2 8 18 32 20 9 2
91
Pa
Protactinium
231.036
Element Details
Protactinium Element Properties
ClassificationActinide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass231.03588
Electronegativity1.5 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1845 K
Boiling Point4273 K
First Ionisation Energy568 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius180 pm
Covalent Radius
Density15.37 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity47 W/(m K)
Specific Heat99.1 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion15 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation470 kJ/mol
Molar Volume15.18 cm3/mol
Discovered1913
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,20,9,2
2 8 18 32 21 9 2
92
U
Uranium
238.029
Element Details
Uranium Element Properties
ClassificationActinide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass238.02891
Electronegativity1.38 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1408 K
Boiling Point4200 K
First Ionisation Energy597.6 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius175 pm
Covalent Radius
Density19.05 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity27 W/(m K)
Specific Heat116 J/(kg K)
Heat Fusion14 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation420 kJ/mol
Molar Volume12.495 cm3/mol
Discovered1789
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,21,9,2
2 8 18 32 22 9 2
93
Np
Neptunium
237
Element Details
Neptunium Element Properties
ClassificationActinide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass237
Electronegativity1.36 Pauling Scale
Melting Point917 K
Boiling Point4273 K
First Ionisation Energy604.5 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius175 pm
Covalent Radius
Density20.45 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity6 W/(m K)
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion10 kJ/mol
Heat Evaporation335 kJ/mol
Molar Volume11.5892 cm3/mol
Discovered1940
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,22,9,2
2 8 18 32 24 8 2
94
Pu
Plutonium
244
Element Details
Plutonium Element Properties
ClassificationActinide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass244
Electronegativity1.28 Pauling Scale
Melting Point913 K
Boiling Point3503 K
First Ionisation Energy584.7 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius175 pm
Covalent Radius
Density19.816 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity6 W/(m K)
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation325 kJ/mol
Molar Volume12.29 cm3/mol
Discovered1940
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,24,8,2
2 8 18 32 25 8 2
95
Am
Americium
243
Element Details
Americium Element Properties
ClassificationActinide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass243
Electronegativity1.13 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1449 K
Boiling Point2284 K
First Ionisation Energy578 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius175 pm
Covalent Radius
Density13.67 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity10 W/(m K)
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume17.63 cm3/mol
Discovered1944
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,25,8,2
2 8 18 32 25 9 2
96
Cm
Curium
247
Element Details
Curium Element Properties
ClassificationActinide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass247
Electronegativity1.28 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1618 K
Boiling Point3383 K
First Ionisation Energy581 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density13.51 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume18.05 cm3/mol
Discovered1944
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,25,9,2
2 8 18 32 27 8 2
97
Bk
Berkelium
247
Element Details
Berkelium Element Properties
ClassificationActinide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass247
Electronegativity1.3 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1323 K
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy601 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density14.78 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity10 W/(m K)
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume16.84 cm3/mol
Discovered1949
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,27,8,2
2 8 18 32 28 8 2
98
Cf
Californium
251
Element Details
Californium Element Properties
ClassificationActinide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass251
Electronegativity1.3 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1173 K
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy608 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density15.1 g/cm3
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume16.5 cm3/mol
Discovered1950
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,28,8,2
2 8 18 32 29 8 2
99
Es
Einsteinium
252
Element Details
Einsteinium Element Properties
ClassificationActinide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass252
Electronegativity1.3 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1133 K
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy619 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume28.52 cm3/mol
Discovered1952
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,29,8,2
2 8 18 32 30 8 2
100
Fm
Fermium
257
Element Details
Fermium Element Properties
ClassificationActinide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass257
Electronegativity1.3 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1800 K
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy627 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered1952
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,30,8,2
2 8 18 32 31 8 2
101
Md
Mendelevium
258
Element Details
Mendelevium Element Properties
ClassificationActinide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass258
Electronegativity1.3 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1100 K
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy635 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered1955
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,31,8,2
2 8 18 32 32 8 2
102
No
Nobelium
259
Element Details
Nobelium Element Properties
ClassificationActinide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass259
Electronegativity1.3 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1100 K
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy642 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered1966
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,32,8,2
2 8 18 32 32 8 3
103
Lr
Lawrencium
262
Element Details
Lawrencium Element Properties
ClassificationActinide
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass262
Electronegativity1.3 Pauling Scale
Melting Point1900 K
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy470 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered1961
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,32,8,3
2 8 18 32 32 10 2
104
Rf
Rutherfordium
261
Element Details
Rutherfordium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass261
Electronegativity
Melting Point
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy580 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered1969
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,32,10,2
2 8 18 32 32 11 2
105
Db
Dubnium
262
Element Details
Dubnium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass262
Electronegativity
Melting Point
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered1970
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,32,11,2
2 8 18 32 32 12 2
106
Sg
Seaborgium
266
Element Details
Seaborgium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass266
Electronegativity
Melting Point
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered1974
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,32,12,2
2 8 18 32 32 13 2
107
Bh
Bohrium
264
Element Details
Bohrium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass264
Electronegativity
Melting Point
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered1981
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,32,13,2
2 8 18 32 32 14 2
108
Hs
Hassium
269
Element Details
Hassium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass269
Electronegativity
Melting Point
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius134 pm
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered1984
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,32,14,2
2 8 18 32 32 15 2
109
Mt
Meitnerium
268
Element Details
Meitnerium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass268
Electronegativity
Melting Point
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered1982
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,32,15,2
2 8 18 32 32 16 2
110
Ds
Darmstadtium
281
Element Details
Darmstadtium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass281
Electronegativity
Melting Point
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered1995
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,32,16,2
2 8 18 32 32 17 2
111
Rg
Roentgenium
272
Element Details
Roentgenium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass272
Electronegativity
Melting Point
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered1995
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,32,17,2
2 8 18 32 32 18 2
112
Cn
Copernicium
285
Element Details
Copernicium Element Properties
ClassificationTransition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass285
Electronegativity
Melting Point
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy1154.9 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius122 pm
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered1996
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,32,18,2
2 8 18 32 32 18 3
113
Nh
Nihonium
284
Element Details
Nihonium Element Properties
ClassificationPost Transition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass284
Electronegativity
Melting Point
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered2004
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,32,18,3
2 8 18 32 32 18 4
114
Fl
Flerovium
289
Element Details
Flerovium Element Properties
ClassificationPost Transition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass289
Electronegativity
Melting Point
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered2004
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,32,18,4
2 8 18 32 32 18 5
115
Mc
Moscovium
288
Element Details
Moscovium Element Properties
ClassificationPost Transition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass288
Electronegativity
Melting Point
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered2010
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,32,18,5
2 8 18 32 32 18 6
116
Lv
Livermorium
292
Element Details
Livermorium Element Properties
ClassificationPost Transition Metal
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass292
Electronegativity
Melting Point
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered2004
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,32,18,6
2 8 18 32 32 18 7
117
Ts
Tennessine
294
Element Details
Tennessine Element Properties
ClassificationHalogens
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass294
Electronegativity
Melting Point
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered2010
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,32,18,7
2 8 18 32 32 18 8
118
Og
Oganesson
294
Element Details
Oganesson Element Properties
ClassificationNoble Gas
State at STPSolid
Atomic Mass294
Electronegativity
Melting Point
Boiling Point
First Ionisation Energy
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Density
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Heat Fusion
Heat Evaporation
Molar Volume
Discovered2006
Electrons per Shell2,8,18,32,32,18,8

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