Periodic Table Element Comparison: Compare Elements - Cobalt vs Germanium
Compare Cobalt and Germanium on the basis of their properties, attributes and periodic table facts. Compare elements on more than 90 properties. All the elements of similar categories show a lot of similarities and differences in their chemical, atomic, physical properties and uses. These similarities and dissimilarities should be known while we study periodic table elements. You can study the detailed comparison between Cobalt vs Germanium with most reliable information about their properties, attributes, facts, uses etc. You can compare Co vs Ge on more than 90 properties like electronegativity , oxidation state, atomic shells, orbital structure, Electronaffinity, physical states, electrical conductivity and many more. Cobalt and Germanium comparison table on more than 90 properties.
Cobalt and Germanium Comparison
Facts
| Name | Cobalt | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 27 | 32 |
| Atomic Symbol | Co | Ge |
| Atomic Weight | 58.9332 | 72.64 |
| Phase at STP | Solid | Solid |
| Color | Gray | Gray |
| Metallic Classification | Transition Metal | Metalloid |
| Group in Periodic Table | group 9 | group 14 |
| Group Name | cobalt family | carbon family |
| Period in Periodic Table | period 4 | period 4 |
| Block in Periodic Table | d -block | p -block |
| Electronic Configuration | [Ar] 3d7 4s2 | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
| Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell) | 2, 8, 15, 2 | 2, 8, 18, 4 |
| Melting Point | 1768 K | 1211.4 K |
| Boiling Point | 3200 K | 3093 K |
| CAS Number | CAS7440-48-4 | CAS7440-56-4 |
| Neighborhood Elements | Neighborhood Elements of Cobalt | Neighborhood Elements of Germanium |
History
| Parameter | Cobalt | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| History | The element Cobalt was discovered by G. Brandt in year 1735 in Sweden. Cobalt derived its name from the German word Kobold, meaning 'goblin'. | The element Germanium was discovered by C. A. Winkler in year 1886 in Germany. Germanium derived its name from Germania, the Latin name for Germany. |
| Discovery | G. Brandt (1735) | C. A. Winkler (1886) |
| Isolated | G. Brandt (1735) | () |
Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us
Parts per billion (ppb) by weight / by atoms (1ppb =10^-7 %)
| Property | Cobalt | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Abundance in Universe | 3000 / 60 | 200 / 3 |
| Abundance in Sun | 4000 / 70 | 200 / 3 |
| Abundance in Meteorites | 600000 / 200000 | 21000 / 4900 |
| Abundance in Earth's Crust | 30000 / 10000 | 1400 / 390 |
| Abundance in Oceans | 0.08 / 0.008 | 0.06 / 0.0051 |
| Abundance in Humans | 20 / 2 | - / - |
Crystal Structure and Atomic Structure
| Property | Cobalt | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Volume | 6.62 cm3/mol | 13.646 cm3/mol |
| Atomic Radius | 152 pm | 125 pm |
| Covalent Radius | 126 pm | 122 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius | - | 211 pm |
Atomic Spectrum - Spectral Lines | ||
| Emission Spectrum |  |  |
| Absorption Spectrum |  |  |
| Lattice Constant | 250.71, 250.71, 406.95 pm | 565.75, 565.75, 565.75 pm |
| Lattice Angle | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
| Space Group Name | P63/mmc | Fm_ 3m |
| Space Group Number | 194 | 225 |
| Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal  | Face Centered Cubic  |
Atomic and Orbital Properties
| Property | Cobalt | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 27 | 32 |
| Number of Electrons (with no charge) | 27 | 32 |
| Number of Protons | 27 | 32 |
| Mass Number | 58.9332 | 72.64 |
| Number of Neutrons | 32 | 41 |
| Shell structure (Electrons per energy level) | 2, 8, 15, 2 | 2, 8, 18, 4 |
| Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d7 4s2 | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
| Valence Electrons | 3d7 4s2 | 4s2 4p2 |
| Oxidation State | 2, 3 | -4, 2, 4 |
| Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) | 4F9/2 | 3P0 |
| Shell structure |  |  |
Isotopes and Nuclear Properties
Cobalt has 1 stable naturally occuring isotopes while Germanium has 4 stable naturally occuring isotopes.
| Parameter | Cobalt | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Known Isotopes | 47Co, 48Co, 49Co, 50Co, 51Co, 52Co, 53Co, 54Co, 55Co, 56Co, 57Co, 58Co, 59Co, 60Co, 61Co, 62Co, 63Co, 64Co, 65Co, 66Co, 67Co, 68Co, 69Co, 70Co, 71Co, 72Co, 73Co, 74Co, 75Co | 58Ge, 59Ge, 60Ge, 61Ge, 62Ge, 63Ge, 64Ge, 65Ge, 66Ge, 67Ge, 68Ge, 69Ge, 70Ge, 71Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge, 75Ge, 76Ge, 77Ge, 78Ge, 79Ge, 80Ge, 81Ge, 82Ge, 83Ge, 84Ge, 85Ge, 86Ge, 87Ge, 88Ge, 89Ge |
| Stable Isotopes | Naturally occurring stable isotopes: 59Co | Naturally occurring stable isotopes: 70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge |
| Neutron Cross Section | 37.2 | 2.2 |
| Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.021 | 0.0011 |
Chemical Properties: Ionization Energies and electron affinity
| Property | Cobalt | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Valence or Valency | 4 | 4 |
| Electronegativity | 1.88 Pauling Scale | 2.01 Pauling Scale |
| Electron Affinity | 63.7 kJ/mol | 119 kJ/mol |
| Ionization Energies | 1st: 760.4 kJ/mol 2nd: 1648 kJ/mol 3rd: 3232 kJ/mol 4th: 4950 kJ/mol 5th: 7670 kJ/mol 6th: 9840 kJ/mol 7th: 12440 kJ/mol 8th: 15230 kJ/mol 9th: 17959 kJ/mol 10th: 26570 kJ/mol 11th: 29400 kJ/mol 12th: 32400 kJ/mol 13th: 36600 kJ/mol 14th: 39700 kJ/mol 15th: 42800 kJ/mol 16th: 49396 kJ/mol 17th: 52737 kJ/mol 18th: 134810 kJ/mol 19th: 145170 kJ/mol 20th: 154700 kJ/mol 21st: 167400 kJ/mol 22nd: 178100 kJ/mol 23rd: 189300 kJ/mol 24th: 204500 kJ/mol 25th: 214100 kJ/mol 26th: 920870 kJ/mol 27th: 966023 kJ/mol | 1st: 762 kJ/mol 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol 4th: 4411 kJ/mol 5th: 9020 kJ/mol |
Physical Properties
| Property | Cobalt | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 8.9 g/cm3 | 5.323 g/cm3 |
| Molar Volume | 6.62 cm3/mol | 13.646 cm3/mol |
Elastic Properties | ||
| Young Modulus | 209 | - |
| Shear Modulus | 75 GPa | - |
| Bulk Modulus | 180 GPa | - |
| Poisson Ratio | 0.31 | - |
Hardness - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element | ||
| Mohs Hardness | 5 MPa | 6 MPa |
| Vickers Hardness | 1043 MPa | - |
| Brinell Hardness | 700 MPa | - |
Electrical Properties | ||
| Electrical Conductivity | 17000000 S/m | 2000 S/m |
| Resistivity | 6e-8 m Ω | 0.0005 m Ω |
| Superconducting Point | - | - |
Heat and Conduction Properties | ||
| Thermal Conductivity | 100 W/(m K) | 60 W/(m K) |
| Thermal Expansion | 0.000013 /K | 0.000006 /K |
Magnetic Properties | ||
| Magnetic Type | Ferromagnetic | Diamagnetic |
| Curie Point | 1394 K | - |
| Mass Magnetic Susceptibility | - | -1.5e-9 m3/kg |
| Molar Magnetic Susceptibility | - | -1.09e-10 m3/mol |
| Volume Magnetic Susceptibility | - | -0.00000798 |
Optical Properties | ||
| Refractive Index | - | - |
Acoustic Properties | ||
| Speed of Sound | 4720 m/s | 5400 m/s |
Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics
| Property | Cobalt | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| Melting Point | 1768 K | 1211.4 K |
| Boiling Point | 3200 K | 3093 K |
| Critical Temperature | - | - |
| Superconducting Point | - | - |
Enthalpies | ||
| Heat of Fusion | 16.2 kJ/mol | 31.8 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Vaporization | 375 kJ/mol | 334 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Combustion | - | -536 J/(kg K) |
Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines
| Parameter | Cobalt | Germanium |
|---|---|---|
| CAS Number | CAS7440-48-4 | CAS7440-56-4 |
| RTECS Number | RTECSGF8750000 | RTECSLY5200000 |
| DOT Hazard Class | 4.1 | 4.1 |
| DOT Numbers | 3089 | 3089 |
| EU Number | - | - |
| NFPA Fire Rating | - | 0 |
| NFPA Health Rating | - | 1 |
| NFPA Reactivity Rating | - | 0 |
| NFPA Hazards | - | - |
| AutoIgnition Point | - | - |
| Flashpoint | - | - |
Compare With Other Elements
Compare Cobalt and Germanium with other elements of the periodic table.