Periodic Table Element Comparison: Compare Elements - Niobium vs Cadmium
Compare Niobium and Cadmium on the basis of their properties, attributes and periodic table facts. Compare elements on more than 90 properties. All the elements of similar categories show a lot of similarities and differences in their chemical, atomic, physical properties and uses. These similarities and dissimilarities should be known while we study periodic table elements. You can study the detailed comparison between Niobium vs Cadmium with most reliable information about their properties, attributes, facts, uses etc. You can compare Nb vs Cd on more than 90 properties like electronegativity , oxidation state, atomic shells, orbital structure, Electronaffinity, physical states, electrical conductivity and many more. Niobium and Cadmium comparison table on more than 90 properties.
Niobium and Cadmium Comparison
Facts
| Name | Niobium | Cadmium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 41 | 48 |
| Atomic Symbol | Nb | Cd |
| Atomic Weight | 92.90638 | 112.411 |
| Phase at STP | Solid | Solid |
| Color | Gray | Silver |
| Metallic Classification | Transition Metal | Transition Metal |
| Group in Periodic Table | group 5 | group 12 |
| Group Name | vanadium family | zinc family |
| Period in Periodic Table | period 5 | period 5 |
| Block in Periodic Table | d -block | d -block |
| Electronic Configuration | [Kr] 4d4 5s1 | [Kr] 4d10 5s2 |
| Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell) | 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 | 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 |
| Melting Point | 2750 K | 594.22 K |
| Boiling Point | 5017 K | 1040 K |
| CAS Number | CAS7440-03-1 | CAS7440-43-9 |
| Neighborhood Elements | Neighborhood Elements of Niobium | Neighborhood Elements of Cadmium |
History
| Parameter | Niobium | Cadmium |
|---|---|---|
| History | The element Niobium was discovered by C. Hatchett in year 1801 in United Kingdom. Niobium derived its name from Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus from Greek mythology. | The element Cadmium was discovered by S. L Hermann,F. Stromeyer, and J.C.H. Roloff in year 1817 in Germany. Cadmium derived its name from the New Latin cadmia, from King Kadmos. |
| Discovery | C. Hatchett (1801) | S. L Hermann,F. Stromeyer, and J.C.H. Roloff (1817) |
| Isolated | W. Blomstrand (1864) | S. L Hermann, F. Stromeyer, and J.C.H. Roloff (1817) |
Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us
Parts per billion (ppb) by weight / by atoms (1ppb =10^-7 %)
| Property | Niobium | Cadmium |
|---|---|---|
| Abundance in Universe | 2 / 0.02 | 2 / 0.02 |
| Abundance in Sun | 4 / 0.05 | 6 / 0.07 |
| Abundance in Meteorites | 190 / 30 | 450 / 60 |
| Abundance in Earth's Crust | 17000 / 3700 | 150 / 30 |
| Abundance in Oceans | 0.001 / 0.000067 | 0.05 / 0.0028 |
| Abundance in Humans | - / - | 700 / 39 |
Crystal Structure and Atomic Structure
| Property | Niobium | Cadmium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Volume | 10.841 cm3/mol | 12.995 cm3/mol |
| Atomic Radius | 198 pm | 161 pm |
| Covalent Radius | 137 pm | 148 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius | - | 158 pm |
Atomic Spectrum - Spectral Lines | ||
| Emission Spectrum |  |  |
| Absorption Spectrum |  |  |
| Lattice Constant | 330.04, 330.04, 330.04 pm | 297.94, 297.94, 561.86 pm |
| Lattice Angle | π/2, π/2, π/2 | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
| Space Group Name | Im_ 3m | P63/mmc |
| Space Group Number | 229 | 194 |
| Crystal Structure | Body Centered Cubic  | Simple Hexagonal  |
Atomic and Orbital Properties
| Property | Niobium | Cadmium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 41 | 48 |
| Number of Electrons (with no charge) | 41 | 48 |
| Number of Protons | 41 | 48 |
| Mass Number | 92.90638 | 112.411 |
| Number of Neutrons | 52 | 64 |
| Shell structure (Electrons per energy level) | 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 | 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 |
| Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d4 5s1 | [Kr] 4d10 5s2 |
| Valence Electrons | 4d4 5s1 | 4d10 5s2 |
| Oxidation State | 5 | 2 |
| Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) | 6D1/2 | 1S0 |
| Shell structure |  |  |
Isotopes and Nuclear Properties
Niobium has 1 stable naturally occuring isotopes while Cadmium has 6 stable naturally occuring isotopes.
| Parameter | Niobium | Cadmium |
|---|---|---|
| Known Isotopes | 81Nb, 82Nb, 83Nb, 84Nb, 85Nb, 86Nb, 87Nb, 88Nb, 89Nb, 90Nb, 91Nb, 92Nb, 93Nb, 94Nb, 95Nb, 96Nb, 97Nb, 98Nb, 99Nb, 100Nb, 101Nb, 102Nb, 103Nb, 104Nb, 105Nb, 106Nb, 107Nb, 108Nb, 109Nb, 110Nb, 111Nb, 112Nb, 113Nb | 95Cd, 96Cd, 97Cd, 98Cd, 99Cd, 100Cd, 101Cd, 102Cd, 103Cd, 104Cd, 105Cd, 106Cd, 107Cd, 108Cd, 109Cd, 110Cd, 111Cd, 112Cd, 113Cd, 114Cd, 115Cd, 116Cd, 117Cd, 118Cd, 119Cd, 120Cd, 121Cd, 122Cd, 123Cd, 124Cd, 125Cd, 126Cd, 127Cd, 128Cd, 129Cd, 130Cd, 131Cd, 132Cd |
| Stable Isotopes | Naturally occurring stable isotopes: 93Nb | Naturally occurring stable isotopes: 106Cd, 108Cd, 110Cd, 111Cd, 112Cd, 114Cd |
| Neutron Cross Section | 1.15 | 2450 |
| Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0004 | 1.4 |
Chemical Properties: Ionization Energies and electron affinity
| Property | Niobium | Cadmium |
|---|---|---|
| Valence or Valency | 5 | 2 |
| Electronegativity | 1.6 Pauling Scale | 1.69 Pauling Scale |
| Electron Affinity | 86.1 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol |
| Ionization Energies | 1st: 652.1 kJ/mol 2nd: 1380 kJ/mol 3rd: 2416 kJ/mol 4th: 3700 kJ/mol 5th: 4877 kJ/mol 6th: 9847 kJ/mol 7th: 12100 kJ/mol | 1st: 867.8 kJ/mol 2nd: 1631.4 kJ/mol 3rd: 3616 kJ/mol |
Physical Properties
| Property | Niobium | Cadmium |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 8.57 g/cm3 | 8.65 g/cm3 |
| Molar Volume | 10.841 cm3/mol | 12.995 cm3/mol |
Elastic Properties | ||
| Young Modulus | 105 | 50 |
| Shear Modulus | 38 GPa | 19 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus | 170 GPa | 42 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio | 0.4 | 0.3 |
Hardness - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element | ||
| Mohs Hardness | 6 MPa | 2 MPa |
| Vickers Hardness | 1320 MPa | - |
| Brinell Hardness | 736 MPa | 203 MPa |
Electrical Properties | ||
| Electrical Conductivity | 6700000 S/m | 14000000 S/m |
| Resistivity | 1.5e-7 m Ω | 7e-8 m Ω |
| Superconducting Point | 9.25 | 0.517 |
Heat and Conduction Properties | ||
| Thermal Conductivity | 54 W/(m K) | 97 W/(m K) |
| Thermal Expansion | 0.00000729 /K | 0.0000308 /K |
Magnetic Properties | ||
| Magnetic Type | Paramagnetic | Diamagnetic |
| Curie Point | - | - |
| Mass Magnetic Susceptibility | 2.76e-8 m3/kg | -2.3e-9 m3/kg |
| Molar Magnetic Susceptibility | 2.56e-9 m3/mol | -2.59e-10 m3/mol |
| Volume Magnetic Susceptibility | 0.000237 | -0.0000199 |
Optical Properties | ||
| Refractive Index | - | - |
Acoustic Properties | ||
| Speed of Sound | 3480 m/s | 2310 m/s |
Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics
| Property | Niobium | Cadmium |
|---|---|---|
| Melting Point | 2750 K | 594.22 K |
| Boiling Point | 5017 K | 1040 K |
| Critical Temperature | - | - |
| Superconducting Point | 9.25 | 0.517 |
Enthalpies | ||
| Heat of Fusion | 26.8 kJ/mol | 6.3 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Vaporization | 690 kJ/mol | 100 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Combustion | - | - |
Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines
| Parameter | Niobium | Cadmium |
|---|---|---|
| CAS Number | CAS7440-03-1 | CAS7440-43-9 |
| RTECS Number | RTECSQT9900000 | RTECSEU9800000 |
| DOT Hazard Class | - | 6.1 |
| DOT Numbers | - | 2570 |
| EU Number | - | - |
| NFPA Fire Rating | - | 2 |
| NFPA Health Rating | - | 2 |
| NFPA Reactivity Rating | - | 0 |
| NFPA Hazards | - | - |
| AutoIgnition Point | - | 250 °C |
| Flashpoint | - | - |
Compare With Other Elements
Compare Niobium and Cadmium with other elements of the periodic table.