Periodic Table Element Comparison: Compare Elements - Scandium vs Gallium
Compare Scandium and Gallium on the basis of their properties, attributes and periodic table facts. Compare elements on more than 90 properties. All the elements of similar categories show a lot of similarities and differences in their chemical, atomic, physical properties and uses. These similarities and dissimilarities should be known while we study periodic table elements. You can study the detailed comparison between Scandium vs Gallium with most reliable information about their properties, attributes, facts, uses etc. You can compare Sc vs Ga on more than 90 properties like electronegativity , oxidation state, atomic shells, orbital structure, Electronaffinity, physical states, electrical conductivity and many more. Scandium and Gallium comparison table on more than 90 properties.
Scandium and Gallium Comparison
Facts
| Name | Scandium | Gallium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 21 | 31 |
| Atomic Symbol | Sc | Ga |
| Atomic Weight | 44.95591 | 69.723 |
| Phase at STP | Solid | Solid |
| Color | Silver | Silver |
| Metallic Classification | Transition Metal | Post Transition Metal |
| Group in Periodic Table | group 3 | group 13 |
| Group Name | scandium family | boron family |
| Period in Periodic Table | period 4 | period 4 |
| Block in Periodic Table | d -block | p -block |
| Electronic Configuration | [Ar] 3d1 4s2 | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 |
| Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell) | 2, 8, 9, 2 | 2, 8, 18, 3 |
| Melting Point | 1814 K | 302.91 K |
| Boiling Point | 3103 K | 2477 K |
| CAS Number | CAS7440-20-2 | CAS7440-55-3 |
| Neighborhood Elements | Neighborhood Elements of Scandium | Neighborhood Elements of Gallium |
History
| Parameter | Scandium | Gallium |
|---|---|---|
| History | The element Scandium was discovered by F. Nilson in year 1879 in Sweden. Scandium derived its name from Scandia, the Latin name for Scandinavia. | The element Gallium was discovered by P. E. L. de Boisbaudran in year 1875 in France. Gallium derived its name from Gallia, the Latin name for France. |
| Discovery | F. Nilson (1879) | P. E. L. de Boisbaudran (1875) |
| Isolated | F. Nilson (1879) | P. E. L. de Boisbaudran () |
Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us
Parts per billion (ppb) by weight / by atoms (1ppb =10^-7 %)
| Property | Scandium | Gallium |
|---|---|---|
| Abundance in Universe | 30 / 1 | 10 / 0.2 |
| Abundance in Sun | 40 / 1 | 40 / 0.6 |
| Abundance in Meteorites | 6500 / 2900 | 7800 / 2000 |
| Abundance in Earth's Crust | 26000 / 12000 | 19000 / 5500 |
| Abundance in Oceans | 0.0015 / 0.00021 | 0.03 / 0.0027 |
| Abundance in Humans | - / - | - / - |
Crystal Structure and Atomic Structure
| Property | Scandium | Gallium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Volume | 15.061 cm3/mol | 11.809 cm3/mol |
| Atomic Radius | 184 pm | 136 pm |
| Covalent Radius | 144 pm | 126 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius | 211 pm | 187 pm |
Atomic Spectrum - Spectral Lines | ||
| Emission Spectrum |  |  |
| Absorption Spectrum |  |  |
| Lattice Constant | 330.9, 330.9, 527.33 pm | 451.97, 766.33, 452.6 pm |
| Lattice Angle | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
| Space Group Name | P63/mmc | Cmca |
| Space Group Number | 194 | 64 |
| Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal  | Base Centered Orthorhombic  |
Atomic and Orbital Properties
| Property | Scandium | Gallium |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 21 | 31 |
| Number of Electrons (with no charge) | 21 | 31 |
| Number of Protons | 21 | 31 |
| Mass Number | 44.95591 | 69.723 |
| Number of Neutrons | 24 | 39 |
| Shell structure (Electrons per energy level) | 2, 8, 9, 2 | 2, 8, 18, 3 |
| Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d1 4s2 | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 |
| Valence Electrons | 3d1 4s2 | 4s2 4p1 |
| Oxidation State | 3 | 3 |
| Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) | 2D3/2 | 2P1/2 |
| Shell structure |  |  |
Isotopes and Nuclear Properties
Scandium has 1 stable naturally occuring isotopes while Gallium has 2 stable naturally occuring isotopes.
| Parameter | Scandium | Gallium |
|---|---|---|
| Known Isotopes | 36Sc, 37Sc, 38Sc, 39Sc, 40Sc, 41Sc, 42Sc, 43Sc, 44Sc, 45Sc, 46Sc, 47Sc, 48Sc, 49Sc, 50Sc, 51Sc, 52Sc, 53Sc, 54Sc, 55Sc, 56Sc, 57Sc, 58Sc, 59Sc, 60Sc | 56Ga, 57Ga, 58Ga, 59Ga, 60Ga, 61Ga, 62Ga, 63Ga, 64Ga, 65Ga, 66Ga, 67Ga, 68Ga, 69Ga, 70Ga, 71Ga, 72Ga, 73Ga, 74Ga, 75Ga, 76Ga, 77Ga, 78Ga, 79Ga, 80Ga, 81Ga, 82Ga, 83Ga, 84Ga, 85Ga, 86Ga |
| Stable Isotopes | Naturally occurring stable isotopes: 45Sc | Naturally occurring stable isotopes: 69Ga, 71Ga |
| Neutron Cross Section | 27.2 | 2.9 |
| Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.025 | 0.0015 |
Chemical Properties: Ionization Energies and electron affinity
| Property | Scandium | Gallium |
|---|---|---|
| Valence or Valency | 3 | 3 |
| Electronegativity | 1.36 Pauling Scale | 1.81 Pauling Scale |
| Electron Affinity | 18.1 kJ/mol | 28.9 kJ/mol |
| Ionization Energies | 1st: 633.1 kJ/mol 2nd: 1235 kJ/mol 3rd: 2388.6 kJ/mol 4th: 7090.6 kJ/mol 5th: 8843 kJ/mol 6th: 10679 kJ/mol 7th: 13310 kJ/mol 8th: 15250 kJ/mol 9th: 17370 kJ/mol 10th: 21726 kJ/mol 11th: 24102 kJ/mol 12th: 66320 kJ/mol 13th: 73010 kJ/mol 14th: 80160 kJ/mol 15th: 89490 kJ/mol 16th: 97400 kJ/mol 17th: 105600 kJ/mol 18th: 117000 kJ/mol 19th: 124270 kJ/mol 20th: 547530 kJ/mol 21st: 582163 kJ/mol | 1st: 578.8 kJ/mol 2nd: 1979.3 kJ/mol 3rd: 2963 kJ/mol 4th: 6180 kJ/mol |
Physical Properties
| Property | Scandium | Gallium |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 2.985 g/cm3 | 5.904 g/cm3 |
| Molar Volume | 15.061 cm3/mol | 11.809 cm3/mol |
Elastic Properties | ||
| Young Modulus | 74 | - |
| Shear Modulus | 29 GPa | - |
| Bulk Modulus | 57 GPa | - |
| Poisson Ratio | 0.28 | - |
Hardness - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element | ||
| Mohs Hardness | - | 1.5 MPa |
| Vickers Hardness | - | - |
| Brinell Hardness | 750 MPa | 60 MPa |
Electrical Properties | ||
| Electrical Conductivity | 1800000 S/m | 7100000 S/m |
| Resistivity | 5.5e-7 m Ω | 1.39e-7 m Ω |
| Superconducting Point | 0.05 | 1.083 |
Heat and Conduction Properties | ||
| Thermal Conductivity | 16 W/(m K) | 29 W/(m K) |
| Thermal Expansion | 0.0000102 /K | 0.00012 /K |
Magnetic Properties | ||
| Magnetic Type | Paramagnetic | Diamagnetic |
| Curie Point | - | - |
| Mass Magnetic Susceptibility | 8.8e-8 m3/kg | -3e-9 m3/kg |
| Molar Magnetic Susceptibility | 3.956e-9 m3/mol | -2.09e-10 m3/mol |
| Volume Magnetic Susceptibility | 0.0002627 | -0.0000177 |
Optical Properties | ||
| Refractive Index | - | - |
Acoustic Properties | ||
| Speed of Sound | - | 2740 m/s |
Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics
| Property | Scandium | Gallium |
|---|---|---|
| Melting Point | 1814 K | 302.91 K |
| Boiling Point | 3103 K | 2477 K |
| Critical Temperature | - | - |
| Superconducting Point | 0.05 | 1.083 |
Enthalpies | ||
| Heat of Fusion | 16 kJ/mol | 5.59 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Vaporization | 318 kJ/mol | 256 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Combustion | - | - |
Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines
| Parameter | Scandium | Gallium |
|---|---|---|
| CAS Number | CAS7440-20-2 | CAS7440-55-3 |
| RTECS Number | - | RTECSLW8600000 |
| DOT Hazard Class | 4.1 | 8 |
| DOT Numbers | 3089 | 2803 |
| EU Number | - | - |
| NFPA Fire Rating | - | 0 |
| NFPA Health Rating | - | 1 |
| NFPA Reactivity Rating | - | 0 |
| NFPA Hazards | - | - |
| AutoIgnition Point | - | - |
| Flashpoint | - | - |
Compare With Other Elements
Compare Scandium and Gallium with other elements of the periodic table.