Li - Lithium

3
Li
Lithium

Lithium Element Information, Facts, Properties, Trends, Uses, Comparison with other elements

Element 3 of Periodic table is Lithium with atomic number 3, atomic weight 6.941. Lithium, symbol Li, has a Body Centered Cubic structure and Silver color. Lithium is a Alkali Metal element. It is part of group 1 (lithium family). Know everything about Lithium Facts, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties, Electronic configuration, Atomic and Crystal Structure.
3 Li - Lithium | SchoolMyKids

Lithium (from Greek:λίθος lithos, 'stone') is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silver-white metal belonging to the Alkali Metal group of chemical elements. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.

It belongs to group 1 of the periodic table having trivial name alkali metals*. You can also download Printable Periodic Table of Elements Flashcards for Lithium in a PDF format.

Lithium Facts

Read key information and facts about element Lithium

NameLithium
Atomic Number3
Atomic SymbolLi
Atomic Weight6.941
PhaseSolid
ColorSilver
Appearancesilvery-white
ClassificationAlkali Metal
Natural OccurancePrimordial
Group in Periodic Table1
Group Namelithium family
Period in Periodic Tableperiod 2
Block in Periodic Tables-block
Electronic Configuration[He] 2s1
Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell)2, 1
Melting Point453.69 K
Boiling Point1615 K
CAS NumberCAS7439-93-2
Neighborhood Elements
123456789101112131415161718
1
1
H
Hydrogen
1.008

Atomic #

Electronic Shell #

Symbol
Name
Atomic Weight
HGas
HgLiquid
CSolid
Metals
Metalloids
NonMetals
Alkali metals
Alkali earth metals
Lanthanoids
Transition metals
Post-transition metals
Other nonmetals
Halogens
Nobel gas
Actinoids
2
He
Helium
4.003
2
3
Li
Lithium
6.941
4
Be
Beryllium
9.012
5
B
Boron
10.811
6
C
Carbon
12.011
7
N
Nitrogen
14.007
8
O
Oxygen
15.999
9
F
Fluorine
18.998
10
Ne
Neon
20.180
3
11
Na
Sodium
22.990
12
Mg
Magnesium
24.305
13
Al
Aluminium
26.982
14
Si
Silicon
28.085
15
P
Phosphorus
30.974
16
S
Sulfur
32.065
17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
18
Ar
Argon
39.948
4
19
K
Potassium
39.098
20
Ca
Calcium
40.078
21
Sc
Scandium
44.956
22
Ti
Titanium
47.867
23
V
Vanadium
50.941
24
Cr
Chromium
51.996
25
Mn
Manganese
54.938
26
Fe
Iron
55.845
27
Co
Cobalt
58.933
28
Ni
Nickel
58.693
29
Cu
Copper
63.546
30
Zn
Zinc
65.409
31
Ga
Gallium
69.723
32
Ge
Germanium
72.640
33
As
Arsenic
74.922
34
Se
Selenium
78.960
35
Br
Bromine
79.904
36
Kr
Krypton
83.798
5
37
Rb
Rubidium
85.468
38
Sr
Strontium
87.620
39
Y
Yttrium
88.906
40
Zr
Zirconium
91.224
41
Nb
Niobium
92.906
42
Mo
Molybdenum
95.940
43
Tc
Technetium
98
44
Ru
Ruthenium
101.070
45
Rh
Rhodium
102.906
46
Pd
Palladium
106.420
47
Ag
Silver
107.868
48
Cd
Cadmium
112.411
49
In
Indium
114.818
50
Sn
Tin
118.710
51
Sb
Antimony
121.760
52
Te
Tellurium
127.600
53
I
Iodine
126.904
54
Xe
Xenon
131.293
6
55
Cs
Cesium
132.905
56
Ba
Barium
137.327
57 - 71
La - Lu
Lanthanides
72
Hf
Hafnium
178.490
73
Ta
Tantalum
180.948
74
W
Tungsten
183.840
75
Re
Rhenium
186.207
76
Os
Osmium
190.230
77
Ir
Iridium
192.217
78
Pt
Platinum
195.078
79
Au
Gold
196.967
80
Hg
Mercury
200.590
81
Tl
Thallium
204.383
82
Pb
Lead
207.200
83
Bi
Bismuth
208.980
84
Po
Polonium
209
85
At
Astatine
210
86
Rn
Radon
222
7
87
Fr
Francium
223
88
Ra
Radium
226
89 - 103
Ac - Lr
Actinides
104
Rf
Rutherfordium
261
105
Db
Dubnium
262
106
Sg
Seaborgium
266
107
Bh
Bohrium
264
108
Hs
Hassium
269
109
Mt
Meitnerium
268
110
Ds
Darmstadtium
281
111
Rg
Roentgenium
272
112
Cn
Copernicium
285
113
Nh
Nihonium
284
114
Fl
Flerovium
289
115
Mc
Moscovium
288
116
Lv
Livermorium
292
117
Ts
Tennessine
294
118
Og
Oganesson
294
Lanthanides
57
La
Lanthanum
138.905
58
Ce
Cerium
140.116
59
Pr
Praseodymium
140.908
60
Nd
Neodymium
144.240
61
Pm
Promethium
145
62
Sm
Samarium
150.360
63
Eu
Europium
151.964
64
Gd
Gadolinium
157.250
65
Tb
Terbium
158.925
66
Dy
Dysprosium
162.500
67
Ho
Holmium
164.930
68
Er
Erbium
167.259
69
Tm
Thulium
168.934
70
Yb
Ytterbium
173.040
71
Lu
Lutetium
174.967
Actinides
89
Ac
Actinium
227
90
Th
Thorium
232.038
91
Pa
Protactinium
231.036
92
U
Uranium
238.029
93
Np
Neptunium
237
94
Pu
Plutonium
244
95
Am
Americium
243
96
Cm
Curium
247
97
Bk
Berkelium
247
98
Cf
Californium
251
99
Es
Einsteinium
252
100
Fm
Fermium
257
101
Md
Mendelevium
258
102
No
Nobelium
259
103
Lr
Lawrencium
262

How to Locate Lithium on Periodic Table

Periodic table is arranged by atomic number, number of protons in the nucleus which is same as number of electrons. The atomic number increases from left to right. Periodic table starts at top left ( Atomic number 1) and ends at bottom right (atomic number 118). Therefore you can directly look for atomic number 3 to find Lithium on periodic table.

Another way to read periodic table and locate an element is by using group number (column) and period number (row). To locate Lithium on periodic table look for cross section of group 1 and period 2 in the modern periodic table.

Lithium History

The element Lithium was discovered by A. Arfwedson in year 1817 in Sweden. Lithium was first isolated by W. T. Brande in 1821. Lithium derived its name the Greek word lithos, meaning 'stone'.

Discovered By A. Arfwedson
Discovery Date 1817 in Sweden
First Isolation 1821
Isolated by W. T. Brande

Arfwedson discovered the alkali in petalite.

Lithium Uses

Lithium is usually identified to be used in batteries. It is also used in aluminum alloys to make cookware more durable and, oddly, as a mood stabilizer in psychiatric medicines.

Lithium Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us

The table below shows the abundance of Lithium in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.

 ppb by weight (1ppb =10^-7 %)ppb by atoms (1ppb =10^-7 %)
Abundance in Universe61
Abundance in Sun0.060.01
Abundance in Meteorites17004600
Abundance in Earth's Crust1700050000
Abundance in Oceans180160
Abundance in Humans3027

Crystal Structure of Lithium

The solid state structure of Lithium is Body Centered Cubic.

The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.

Unit Cell Parameters

The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)

abc
351 pm351 pm351 pm

and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).

alphabetagamma
π/2 π/2 π/2

The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured from a reference lattice point.

The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.

Space Group NameIm_ 3m
Space Group Number229
Crystal StructureBody Centered Cubic
Number of atoms per unit cell2
3 Li Lithium - Crystal Structure | SchoolMyKids

The number of atoms per unit cell in a simple cubic, face-centered cubic and body-centred cubic are 1,4,2 respectively.

Lithium Atomic and Orbital Properties

Lithium atoms have 3 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 1] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 2S1/2.

Atomic Number3
Number of Electrons (with no charge)3
Number of Protons3
Mass Number7
Number of Neutrons4
Shell structure (Electrons per energy level)2, 1
Electron Configuration[He] 2s1
Valence Electrons2s1
Valence (Valency)1
Main Oxidation States1
Oxidation States1
Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers)2S1/2

Bohr Atomic Model of Lithium - Electrons per energy level

3 Li Lithium Electron Shell Structure | SchoolMyKids
nspdf

Ground State Electronic Configuration of Lithium - neutral Lithium atom

Abbreviated electronic configuration of Lithium

The ground state abbreviated electronic configuration of Neutral Lithium atom is [He] 2s1. The portion of Lithium configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [He]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used. This is important as it is the Valence electrons 2s1, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.

Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Lithium

Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Lithium atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration

1s2 2s1

Electrons are filled in atomic orbitals as per the order determined by the Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule.

As per the Aufbau principle the electrons will occupy the orbitals having lower energies before occupying higher energy orbitals. According to this principle, electrons are filled in the following order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…

The Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of two electrons, each having opposite spins, can fit in an orbital.

Hund's rule states that every orbital in a given subshell is singly occupied by electrons before a second electron is filled in an orbital.

Electron configuration of Lithium

Atomic Structure of Lithium

Lithium atomic radius is 167 pm, while it's covalent radius is 134 pm.

Atomic Radius Calculated167 pm(1.67 Å)
Atomic Radius Empirical145 pm (1.45 Å)
Atomic Volume13.02 cm3/mol
Covalent Radius134 pm (1.34 Å)
Van der Waals Radius182 pm
Neutron Cross Section0.045
Neutron Mass Absorption -

Spectral Lines of Lithium - Atomic Spectrum of Lithium

A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules.

Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system and a single photon. A spectral line may be observed either as an emission line or an absorption line.

Spectral lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium. Several elements, including helium, thallium, and caesium, were discovered by spectroscopic means. They are widely used to determine the physical conditions of stars and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means.

Emission spectrum of Lithium

Emission Spectrum of Lithium | SchoolMyKids

Absorption spectrum of Lithium

Absorption Spectrum of Lithium | SchoolMyKids

Lithium Chemical Properties: Lithium Ionization Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of Lithium is 59.6 kJ/mol.

Valence1
Electronegativity0.98
ElectronAffinity59.6 kJ/mol

Ionization Energy of Lithium

Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.in chemistry, this energy is expresed in kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).

Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Lithium

Ionization energy numberEnthalpy - kJ/mol
1st520.2
2nd7298.1
3rd11815

Lithium Physical Properties

Refer to below table for Lithium Physical Properties

Density0.535 g/cm3(when liquid at m.p density is $0.512 g/cm3)
Molar Volume13.02 cm3/mol

Elastic Properties

Young Modulus4.9
Shear Modulus4.2 GPa
Bulk Modulus 11 GPa
Poisson Ratio-

Hardness of Lithium - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element

Mohs Hardness0.6 MPa
Vickers Hardness-
Brinell Hardness-

Lithium Electrical Properties

Electrical resistivity measures element's electrical resistance or how strongly it resists electric current.The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-metre (Ω⋅m). While Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. It represents a element's ability to conduct electric current. The SI unit of electrical conductivity is siemens per metre (S/m).

Lithium is a conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Lithium

Electrical conductors Conductor
Electrical Conductivity11000000 S/m
Resistivity9.4e-8 m Ω
Superconducting Point-

Lithium Heat and Conduction Properties

Thermal Conductivity85 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion0.000046 /K

Lithium Magnetic Properties

Magnetic TypeParamagnetic
Curie Point-
Mass Magnetic Susceptibility2.56e-8 m3/kg
Molar Magnetic Susceptibility1.78e-10 m3/mol
Volume Magnetic Susceptibility0.00000137

Optical Properties of Lithium

Refractive Index-

Acoustic Properties of Lithium

Speed of Sound6000 m/s

Lithium Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics

Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Lithium

Melting Point453.69 K(180.54 °C, 356.972 °F)
Boiling Point1615 K(1341.85 °C, 2447.330 °F)
Critical Temperature3223 K
Superconducting Point-

Enthalpies of Lithium

Heat of Fusion3 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization147 kJ/mol
Heat of Combustion-298 J/(kg K)

Lithium Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Lithium

Lithium has 10 isotopes, with between 3 and 12 nucleons. Lithium has 2 stable naturally occuring isotopes.

Isotopes of Lithium - Naturally occurring stable Isotopes: 6Li, 7Li.

IsotopeZNIsotope Mass% AbundanceT halfDecay Mode
3Li303Synthetic
4Li314Synthetic
5Li325Synthetic
6Li3367.59%StableN/A
7Li34792.41%Stable
8Li358Synthetic
9Li369Synthetic
10Li3710Synthetic
11Li3811Synthetic
12Li3912Synthetic

Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines

The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) identifies hazard class of all dangerous elements/goods/commodities either by its class (or division) number or name. The DOT has divided these materials into nine different categories, known as Hazard Classes.

Substances which in contact with water emit flammable gases

NFPA 704 is a Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response. NFPA is a standard maintained by the US based National Fire Protection Association.

The health (blue), flammability (red), and reactivity (yellow) rating all use a numbering scale ranging from 0 to 4. A value of zero means that the element poses no hazard; a rating of four indicates extreme danger.

NFPA Fire Rating2Flash Points Above 37.8°C (100°F) not exceeding 93.3°C (200°F)
NFPA Health Rating3 Flash Points below 37.8°C (100°F)
NFPA Reactivity Rating2 Flash Points Above 37.8°C (100°F) not exceeding 93.3°C (200°F)
NFPA HazardsWWater Reactive
Autoignition Point179 °C
Flashpoint-

Database Search

List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases

DatabaseIdentifier number
CAS Number - Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)CAS7439-93-2
RTECS NumberRTECSOJ5540000
CID Number CID3028194
Gmelin Number-
NSC Number-

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Find the answers to the most frequently asked questions about Lithium

The electronic configuration of Lithium is 1s2 2s1.

The abbreviated electronic configuration of Lithium is [He] 2s1. To form abbreviated notation of electronic configuration, the completely filled subshells are replaced by the noble gas of the preceding period in square brackets.

Symbol of Lithium is Li. Lithium is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3.

Lithium is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. Lithium is the 3 element on the periodic table. It is located in group 1 and period 2 in the modern periodic table.

The atomic number of Lithium is 3.

Lithium is of Silver color.

The element Lithium was discovered by A. Arfwedson in year 1817 in Sweden. Lithium was first isolated by W. T. Brande in 1821.

Lithium has 1 valence electrons. Lithium has 3 electrons out of which 1 valence electrons are present in the 2s1 outer orbitals of atom.

Melting Point of Lithium is 453.69 K.

Boiling Point of Lithium is 1615 K.

Melting Point of Lithium in Kelvin is 453.69 K.

Boiling Point of Lithium in Kelvin is 1615 K.

Melting Point of Lithium in Celsius is 180.54 °C.

Boiling Point of Lithium in Celsius is 1341.85 °C.

Melting Point of Lithium in Fahrenheit is 356.97 °F.

Boiling Point of Lithium in Fahrenheit is 2447.33 °F.

The electronic configuration of Lithium will be 1s2 2s1.

The electronic configuration of Lithium will be 1s2 2s1.