Y - Yttrium

39
Y
Yttrium

Yttrium Element Information, Facts, Properties, Trends, Uses, Comparison with other elements

Element 39 of Periodic table is Yttrium with atomic number 39, atomic weight 88.90585. Yttrium, symbol Y, has a Simple Hexagonal structure and Silver color. Yttrium is a Transition Metal element. It is part of group 3 (scandium family). Know everything about Yttrium Facts, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties, Electronic configuration, Atomic and Crystal Structure.
39 Y - Yttrium | SchoolMyKids

Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic Transition Metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and it has often been classified as a 'rare earth element'. Yttrium is almost always found combined with the lanthanides in rare earth minerals and is never found in nature as a free element.

It belongs to group 3 of the periodic table having trivial name null. You can also download Printable Periodic Table of Elements Flashcards for Yttrium in a PDF format.

Yttrium Facts

Read key information and facts about element Yttrium

NameYttrium
Atomic Number39
Atomic SymbolY
Atomic Weight88.90585
PhaseSolid
ColorSilver
Appearancesilvery white
ClassificationTransition Metal
Natural OccurancePrimordial
Group in Periodic Table3
Group Namescandium family
Period in Periodic Tableperiod 5
Block in Periodic Tabled-block
Electronic Configuration[Kr] 4d1 5s2
Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell)2, 8, 18, 9, 2
Melting Point1799 K
Boiling Point3618 K
CAS NumberCAS7440-65-5
Neighborhood Elements
123456789101112131415161718
1
1
H
Hydrogen
1.008

Atomic #

Electronic Shell #

Symbol
Name
Atomic Weight
HGas
HgLiquid
CSolid
Metals
Metalloids
NonMetals
Alkali metals
Alkali earth metals
Lanthanoids
Transition metals
Post-transition metals
Other nonmetals
Halogens
Nobel gas
Actinoids
2
He
Helium
4.003
2
3
Li
Lithium
6.941
4
Be
Beryllium
9.012
5
B
Boron
10.811
6
C
Carbon
12.011
7
N
Nitrogen
14.007
8
O
Oxygen
15.999
9
F
Fluorine
18.998
10
Ne
Neon
20.180
3
11
Na
Sodium
22.990
12
Mg
Magnesium
24.305
13
Al
Aluminium
26.982
14
Si
Silicon
28.085
15
P
Phosphorus
30.974
16
S
Sulfur
32.065
17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
18
Ar
Argon
39.948
4
19
K
Potassium
39.098
20
Ca
Calcium
40.078
21
Sc
Scandium
44.956
22
Ti
Titanium
47.867
23
V
Vanadium
50.941
24
Cr
Chromium
51.996
25
Mn
Manganese
54.938
26
Fe
Iron
55.845
27
Co
Cobalt
58.933
28
Ni
Nickel
58.693
29
Cu
Copper
63.546
30
Zn
Zinc
65.409
31
Ga
Gallium
69.723
32
Ge
Germanium
72.640
33
As
Arsenic
74.922
34
Se
Selenium
78.960
35
Br
Bromine
79.904
36
Kr
Krypton
83.798
5
37
Rb
Rubidium
85.468
38
Sr
Strontium
87.620
39
Y
Yttrium
88.906
40
Zr
Zirconium
91.224
41
Nb
Niobium
92.906
42
Mo
Molybdenum
95.940
43
Tc
Technetium
98
44
Ru
Ruthenium
101.070
45
Rh
Rhodium
102.906
46
Pd
Palladium
106.420
47
Ag
Silver
107.868
48
Cd
Cadmium
112.411
49
In
Indium
114.818
50
Sn
Tin
118.710
51
Sb
Antimony
121.760
52
Te
Tellurium
127.600
53
I
Iodine
126.904
54
Xe
Xenon
131.293
6
55
Cs
Cesium
132.905
56
Ba
Barium
137.327
57 - 71
La - Lu
Lanthanides
72
Hf
Hafnium
178.490
73
Ta
Tantalum
180.948
74
W
Tungsten
183.840
75
Re
Rhenium
186.207
76
Os
Osmium
190.230
77
Ir
Iridium
192.217
78
Pt
Platinum
195.078
79
Au
Gold
196.967
80
Hg
Mercury
200.590
81
Tl
Thallium
204.383
82
Pb
Lead
207.200
83
Bi
Bismuth
208.980
84
Po
Polonium
209
85
At
Astatine
210
86
Rn
Radon
222
7
87
Fr
Francium
223
88
Ra
Radium
226
89 - 103
Ac - Lr
Actinides
104
Rf
Rutherfordium
261
105
Db
Dubnium
262
106
Sg
Seaborgium
266
107
Bh
Bohrium
264
108
Hs
Hassium
269
109
Mt
Meitnerium
268
110
Ds
Darmstadtium
281
111
Rg
Roentgenium
272
112
Cn
Copernicium
285
113
Nh
Nihonium
284
114
Fl
Flerovium
289
115
Mc
Moscovium
288
116
Lv
Livermorium
292
117
Ts
Tennessine
294
118
Og
Oganesson
294
Lanthanides
57
La
Lanthanum
138.905
58
Ce
Cerium
140.116
59
Pr
Praseodymium
140.908
60
Nd
Neodymium
144.240
61
Pm
Promethium
145
62
Sm
Samarium
150.360
63
Eu
Europium
151.964
64
Gd
Gadolinium
157.250
65
Tb
Terbium
158.925
66
Dy
Dysprosium
162.500
67
Ho
Holmium
164.930
68
Er
Erbium
167.259
69
Tm
Thulium
168.934
70
Yb
Ytterbium
173.040
71
Lu
Lutetium
174.967
Actinides
89
Ac
Actinium
227
90
Th
Thorium
232.038
91
Pa
Protactinium
231.036
92
U
Uranium
238.029
93
Np
Neptunium
237
94
Pu
Plutonium
244
95
Am
Americium
243
96
Cm
Curium
247
97
Bk
Berkelium
247
98
Cf
Californium
251
99
Es
Einsteinium
252
100
Fm
Fermium
257
101
Md
Mendelevium
258
102
No
Nobelium
259
103
Lr
Lawrencium
262

How to Locate Yttrium on Periodic Table

Periodic table is arranged by atomic number, number of protons in the nucleus which is same as number of electrons. The atomic number increases from left to right. Periodic table starts at top left ( Atomic number 1) and ends at bottom right (atomic number 118). Therefore you can directly look for atomic number 39 to find Yttrium on periodic table.

Another way to read periodic table and locate an element is by using group number (column) and period number (row). To locate Yttrium on periodic table look for cross section of group 3 and period 5 in the modern periodic table.

Yttrium History

The element Yttrium was discovered by J. Gadolin in year 1794 in Finland. Yttrium was first isolated by G. Mosander in 1842. Yttrium derived its name from Ytterby, Sweden.

Discovered By J. Gadolin
Discovery Date 1794 in Finland
First Isolation 1842
Isolated by G. Mosander

Discovered in gadolinite, but Mosander showed later that its ore,yttria, contained more elements.

Yttrium Uses

An oxide of yttrium is used to make red phosphorus television tubes. It is also used to increase the strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys.

Yttrium Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us

The table below shows the abundance of Yttrium in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.

 ppb by weight (1ppb =10^-7 %)ppb by atoms (1ppb =10^-7 %)
Abundance in Universe70.1
Abundance in Sun100.1
Abundance in Meteorites1900430
Abundance in Earth's Crust290006700
Abundance in Oceans0.0130.0009
Abundance in Humans--

Crystal Structure of Yttrium

The solid state structure of Yttrium is Simple Hexagonal.

The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.

Unit Cell Parameters

The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)

abc
364.74 pm364.74 pm573.06 pm

and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).

alphabetagamma
π/2 π/2 2 π/3

The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured from a reference lattice point.

The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.

Space Group NameP63/mmc
Space Group Number194
Crystal StructureSimple Hexagonal
Number of atoms per unit cell
39 Y Yttrium - Crystal Structure | SchoolMyKids

The number of atoms per unit cell in a simple cubic, face-centered cubic and body-centred cubic are 1,4,2 respectively.

Yttrium Atomic and Orbital Properties

Yttrium atoms have 39 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 18, 9, 2] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 2D3/2.

Atomic Number39
Number of Electrons (with no charge)39
Number of Protons39
Mass Number89
Number of Neutrons50
Shell structure (Electrons per energy level)2, 8, 18, 9, 2
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d1 5s2
Valence Electrons4d1 5s2
Valence (Valency)3
Main Oxidation States3
Oxidation States0, 1, 2, 3
Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers)2D3/2

Bohr Atomic Model of Yttrium - Electrons per energy level

39 Y Yttrium Electron Shell Structure | SchoolMyKids
nspdf

Ground State Electronic Configuration of Yttrium - neutral Yttrium atom

Abbreviated electronic configuration of Yttrium

The ground state abbreviated electronic configuration of Neutral Yttrium atom is [Kr] 4d1 5s2. The portion of Yttrium configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Kr]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used. This is important as it is the Valence electrons 4d1 5s2, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.

Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Yttrium

Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Yttrium atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d1 5s2

Electrons are filled in atomic orbitals as per the order determined by the Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule.

As per the Aufbau principle the electrons will occupy the orbitals having lower energies before occupying higher energy orbitals. According to this principle, electrons are filled in the following order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…

The Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of two electrons, each having opposite spins, can fit in an orbital.

Hund's rule states that every orbital in a given subshell is singly occupied by electrons before a second electron is filled in an orbital.

Electron configuration of Yttrium

Atomic Structure of Yttrium

Yttrium atomic radius is 212 pm, while it's covalent radius is 162 pm.

Atomic Radius Calculated212 pm(2.12 Å)
Atomic Radius Empirical180 pm (1.8 Å)
Atomic Volume19.881 cm3/mol
Covalent Radius162 pm (1.62 Å)
Van der Waals Radius-
Neutron Cross Section1.28
Neutron Mass Absorption 0.0006

Spectral Lines of Yttrium - Atomic Spectrum of Yttrium

A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules.

Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system and a single photon. A spectral line may be observed either as an emission line or an absorption line.

Spectral lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium. Several elements, including helium, thallium, and caesium, were discovered by spectroscopic means. They are widely used to determine the physical conditions of stars and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means.

Emission spectrum of Yttrium

Emission Spectrum of Yttrium | SchoolMyKids

Absorption spectrum of Yttrium

Absorption Spectrum of Yttrium | SchoolMyKids

Yttrium Chemical Properties: Yttrium Ionization Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of Yttrium is 29.6 kJ/mol.

Valence3
Electronegativity1.22
ElectronAffinity29.6 kJ/mol

Ionization Energy of Yttrium

Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.in chemistry, this energy is expresed in kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).

Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Yttrium

Ionization energy numberEnthalpy - kJ/mol
1st600
2nd1180
3rd1980
4th5847
5th7430
6th8970
7th11190
8th12450
9th14110
10th18400
11th19900
12th36090

Yttrium Physical Properties

Refer to below table for Yttrium Physical Properties

Density4.472 g/cm3(when liquid at m.p density is $4.24 g/cm3)
Molar Volume19.881 cm3/mol

Elastic Properties

Young Modulus64
Shear Modulus26 GPa
Bulk Modulus 41 GPa
Poisson Ratio0.24

Hardness of Yttrium - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element

Mohs Hardness-
Vickers Hardness-
Brinell Hardness589 MPa

Yttrium Electrical Properties

Electrical resistivity measures element's electrical resistance or how strongly it resists electric current.The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-metre (Ω⋅m). While Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. It represents a element's ability to conduct electric current. The SI unit of electrical conductivity is siemens per metre (S/m).

Yttrium is a conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Yttrium

Electrical conductors Conductor
Electrical Conductivity1800000 S/m
Resistivity5.59e-7 m Ω
Superconducting Point1.3

Yttrium Heat and Conduction Properties

Thermal Conductivity17 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion0.0000106 /K

Yttrium Magnetic Properties

Magnetic TypeParamagnetic
Curie Point-
Mass Magnetic Susceptibility6.66e-8 m3/kg
Molar Magnetic Susceptibility5.921e-9 m3/mol
Volume Magnetic Susceptibility0.0002978

Optical Properties of Yttrium

Refractive Index-

Acoustic Properties of Yttrium

Speed of Sound3300 m/s

Yttrium Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics

Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Yttrium

Melting Point1799 K(1525.85 °C, 2778.530 °F)
Boiling Point3618 K(3344.85 °C, 6052.730 °F)
Critical Temperature-
Superconducting Point1.3

Enthalpies of Yttrium

Heat of Fusion11.4 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization380 kJ/mol
Heat of Combustion-

Yttrium Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Yttrium

Yttrium has 33 isotopes, with between 76 and 108 nucleons. Yttrium has 1 stable naturally occuring isotopes.

Isotopes of Yttrium - Naturally occurring stable Isotopes: 89Y.

IsotopeZNIsotope Mass% AbundanceT halfDecay Mode
76Y393776Synthetic
77Y393877Synthetic
78Y393978Synthetic
79Y394079Synthetic
80Y394180Synthetic
81Y394281Synthetic
82Y394382Synthetic
83Y394483Synthetic
84Y394584Synthetic
85Y394685Synthetic
86Y394786Synthetic
87Y394887Synthetic
88Y394988Synthetic
89Y395089100%Stable
90Y395190Synthetic
91Y395291Synthetic
92Y395392Synthetic
93Y395493Synthetic
94Y395594Synthetic
95Y395695Synthetic
96Y395796Synthetic
97Y395897Synthetic
98Y395998Synthetic
99Y396099Synthetic
100Y3961100Synthetic
101Y3962101Synthetic
102Y3963102Synthetic
103Y3964103Synthetic
104Y3965104Synthetic
105Y3966105Synthetic
106Y3967106Synthetic
107Y3968107Synthetic
108Y3969108Synthetic

Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines

The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) identifies hazard class of all dangerous elements/goods/commodities either by its class (or division) number or name. The DOT has divided these materials into nine different categories, known as Hazard Classes.

Flammable solids, self-reactive substances and solid desensitized explosives

NFPA 704 is a Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response. NFPA is a standard maintained by the US based National Fire Protection Association.

The health (blue), flammability (red), and reactivity (yellow) rating all use a numbering scale ranging from 0 to 4. A value of zero means that the element poses no hazard; a rating of four indicates extreme danger.

NFPA Fire Rating2Flash Points Above 37.8°C (100°F) not exceeding 93.3°C (200°F)
NFPA Health Rating
NFPA Reactivity Rating
NFPA Hazards
Autoignition Point-
Flashpoint-

Database Search

List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases

DatabaseIdentifier number
CAS Number - Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)CAS7440-65-5
RTECS NumberRTECSZG2980000
CID Number CID23993
Gmelin Number-
NSC Number-

Compare Yttrium with other elements

Compare Yttrium with Group 3, Period 5 and Transition Metal elements of the periodic table.

Compare Yttrium with all Group 3 elements

Compare Yttrium with all Period 5 elements

Compare Yttrium with all Transition Metal elements

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Find the answers to the most frequently asked questions about Yttrium

The electronic configuration of Yttrium is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d1 5s2.

The abbreviated electronic configuration of Yttrium is [Kr] 4d1 5s2. To form abbreviated notation of electronic configuration, the completely filled subshells are replaced by the noble gas of the preceding period in square brackets.

Symbol of Yttrium is Y. Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39.

Yttrium is a chemical element with the symbol Y and atomic number 39. Yttrium is the 39 element on the periodic table. It is located in group 3 and period 5 in the modern periodic table.

The atomic number of Yttrium is 39.

Yttrium is of Silver color.

The element Yttrium was discovered by J. Gadolin in year 1794 in Finland. Yttrium was first isolated by G. Mosander in 1842.

Yttrium has 3 valence electrons. Yttrium has 39 electrons out of which 3 valence electrons are present in the 4d1 5s2 outer orbitals of atom.

Melting Point of Yttrium is 1799 K.

Boiling Point of Yttrium is 3618 K.

Melting Point of Yttrium in Kelvin is 1799 K.

Boiling Point of Yttrium in Kelvin is 3618 K.

Melting Point of Yttrium in Celsius is 1525.85 °C.

Boiling Point of Yttrium in Celsius is 3344.85 °C.

Melting Point of Yttrium in Fahrenheit is 2778.53 °F.

Boiling Point of Yttrium in Fahrenheit is 6052.73 °F.

The electronic configuration of Yttrium will be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d1 5s2.

The electronic configuration of Yttrium will be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d1 5s2.