Titanium Element Information, Facts, Properties, Trends, Uses, Comparison with other elements
Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous Transition Metal with a silver color, low density and high strength. It is highly resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia and chlorine.
It belongs to group 4 of the periodic table having trivial name null. You can also download Printable Periodic Table of Elements Flashcards for Titanium in a PDF format.
Titanium Facts
Read key information and facts about element Titanium
| Name | Titanium |
| Atomic Number | 22 |
| Atomic Symbol | Ti |
| Atomic Weight | 47.867 |
| Phase | Solid |
| Color | Silver |
| Appearance | silvery grey-white metallic |
| Classification | Transition Metal |
| Natural Occurance | Primordial |
| Group in Periodic Table | 4 |
| Group Name | titanium family |
| Period in Periodic Table | period 4 |
| Block in Periodic Table | d-block |
| Electronic Configuration | [Ar] 3d2 4s2 |
| Electronic Shell Structure (Electrons per shell) | 2, 8, 10, 2 |
| Melting Point | 1941 K |
| Boiling Point | 3560 K |
| CAS Number | CAS7440-32-6 |
How to Locate Titanium on Periodic Table
Periodic table is arranged by atomic number, number of protons in the nucleus which is same as number of electrons. The atomic number increases from left to right. Periodic table starts at top left ( Atomic number 1) and ends at bottom right (atomic number 118). Therefore you can directly look for atomic number 22 to find Titanium on periodic table.
Another way to read periodic table and locate an element is by using group number (column) and period number (row). To locate Titanium on periodic table look for cross section of group 4 and period 4 in the modern periodic table.
Titanium History
The element Titanium was discovered by W. Gregor in year 1791 in United Kingdom. Titanium was first isolated by J. Berzelius in 1825. Titanium derived its name from Titans, the sons of the Earth goddess of Greek mythology.
| Discovered By | W. Gregor |
| Discovery Date | 1791 in United Kingdom |
| First Isolation | 1825 |
| Isolated by | J. Berzelius |
Gregor found an oxide of a new metal in ilmenite; Martin Heinrich Klaproth independently discovered the element inrutilein 1795 and named it. The pure metallic form was only obtained in 1910 byMatthew A. Hunter.
Titanium Uses
Titanium is an incredibly tough metal used in aluminum, iron, and other alloys. This tough metal is used in the aerospace industry and engines slightly because of its ability to maintain its strength in thermal extremes.
Titanium Presence: Abundance in Nature and Around Us
The table below shows the abundance of Titanium in Universe, Sun, Meteorites, Earth's Crust, Oceans and Human Body.
| ppb by weight (1ppb =10^-7 %) | ppb by atoms (1ppb =10^-7 %) | |
|---|---|---|
| Abundance in Universe | 3000 | 80 |
| Abundance in Sun | 4000 | 100 |
| Abundance in Meteorites | 550000 | 230000 |
| Abundance in Earth's Crust | 6600000 | 2900000 |
| Abundance in Oceans | 1 | 0.13 |
| Abundance in Humans | - | - |
Crystal Structure of Titanium
The solid state structure of Titanium is Simple Hexagonal.
The Crystal structure can be described in terms of its unit Cell. The unit Cells repeats itself in three dimensional space to form the structure.
Unit Cell Parameters
The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges Lattice Constants (a, b and c)
| a | b | c |
|---|---|---|
| 295.08 pm | 295.08 pm | 468.55 pm |
and the angles between them Lattice Angles (alpha, beta and gamma).
| alpha | beta | gamma |
|---|---|---|
| π/2 | π/2 | 2 π/3 |
The positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions ( xi, yi, zi) measured from a reference lattice point.
The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space are described by the 230 space groups (219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct.
| Space Group Name | P63/mmc |
| Space Group Number | 194 |
| Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal |
| Number of atoms per unit cell |
The number of atoms per unit cell in a simple cubic, face-centered cubic and body-centred cubic are 1,4,2 respectively.
Titanium Atomic and Orbital Properties
Titanium atoms have 22 electrons and the electronic shell structure is [2, 8, 10, 2] with Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) 3F2.
| Atomic Number | 22 |
| Number of Electrons (with no charge) | 22 |
| Number of Protons | 22 |
| Mass Number | 48 |
| Number of Neutrons | 26 |
| Shell structure (Electrons per energy level) | 2, 8, 10, 2 |
| Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d2 4s2 |
| Valence Electrons | 3d2 4s2 |
| Valence (Valency) | 4 |
| Main Oxidation States | 2, 3, 4 |
| Oxidation States | -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 |
| Atomic Term Symbol (Quantum Numbers) | 3F2 |
Bohr Atomic Model of Titanium - Electrons per energy level
| n | s | p | d | f |
|---|
Ground State Electronic Configuration of Titanium - neutral Titanium atom
Abbreviated electronic configuration of Titanium
The ground state abbreviated electronic configuration of Neutral Titanium atom is [Ar] 3d2 4s2. The portion of Titanium configuration that is equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, is abbreviated as [Ar]. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used. This is important as it is the Valence electrons 3d2 4s2, electrons in the outermost shell that determine the chemical properties of the element.
Unabbreviated electronic configuration of neutral Titanium
Complete ground state electronic configuration for the Titanium atom, Unabbreviated electronic configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 4s2
Electrons are filled in atomic orbitals as per the order determined by the Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule.
As per the Aufbau principle the electrons will occupy the orbitals having lower energies before occupying higher energy orbitals. According to this principle, electrons are filled in the following order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…
The Pauli exclusion principle states that a maximum of two electrons, each having opposite spins, can fit in an orbital.
Hund's rule states that every orbital in a given subshell is singly occupied by electrons before a second electron is filled in an orbital.
Atomic Structure of Titanium
Titanium atomic radius is 176 pm, while it's covalent radius is 136 pm.
| Atomic Radius Calculated | 176 pm(1.76 Å) |
| Atomic Radius Empirical | 140 pm (1.4 Å) |
| Atomic Volume | 10.621 cm3/mol |
| Covalent Radius | 136 pm (1.36 Å) |
| Van der Waals Radius | - |
| Neutron Cross Section | 6.1 |
| Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0044 |
Spectral Lines of Titanium - Atomic Spectrum of Titanium
A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules.
Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system and a single photon. A spectral line may be observed either as an emission line or an absorption line.
Spectral lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium. Several elements, including helium, thallium, and caesium, were discovered by spectroscopic means. They are widely used to determine the physical conditions of stars and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means.
Emission spectrum of Titanium
Absorption spectrum of Titanium
Titanium Chemical Properties: Titanium Ionization Energies and electron affinity
The electron affinity of Titanium is 7.6 kJ/mol.
| Valence | 4 |
| Electronegativity | 1.54 |
| ElectronAffinity | 7.6 kJ/mol |
Ionization Energy of Titanium
Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.in chemistry, this energy is expresed in kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).
Refer to table below for Ionization energies of Titanium
| Ionization energy number | Enthalpy - kJ/mol |
|---|---|
| 1st | 658.8 |
| 2nd | 1309.8 |
| 3rd | 2652.5 |
| 4th | 4174.6 |
| 5th | 9581 |
| 6th | 11533 |
| 7th | 13590 |
| 8th | 16440 |
| 9th | 18530 |
| 10th | 20833 |
| 11th | 25575 |
| 12th | 28125 |
| 13th | 76015 |
| 14th | 83280 |
| 15th | 90880 |
| 16th | 100700 |
| 17th | 109100 |
| 18th | 117800 |
| 19th | 129900 |
| 20th | 137530 |
| 21st | 602930 |
| 22nd | 639294 |
Titanium Physical Properties
Refer to below table for Titanium Physical Properties
| Density | 4.507 g/cm3(when liquid at m.p density is $4.11 g/cm3) |
| Molar Volume | 10.621 cm3/mol |
Elastic Properties
| Young Modulus | 116 |
| Shear Modulus | 44 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus | 110 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio | 0.32 |
Hardness of Titanium - Tests to Measure of Hardness of Element
| Mohs Hardness | 6 MPa |
| Vickers Hardness | 970 MPa |
| Brinell Hardness | 716 MPa |
Titanium Electrical Properties
Electrical resistivity measures element's electrical resistance or how strongly it resists electric current.The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-metre (Ω⋅m). While Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. It represents a element's ability to conduct electric current. The SI unit of electrical conductivity is siemens per metre (S/m).
Titanium is a conductor of electricity. Refer to table below for the Electrical properties of Titanium
| Electrical conductors | Conductor |
| Electrical Conductivity | 2500000 S/m |
| Resistivity | 4e-7 m Ω |
| Superconducting Point | 0.4 |
Titanium Heat and Conduction Properties
| Thermal Conductivity | 22 W/(m K) |
| Thermal Expansion | 0.0000086 /K |
Titanium Magnetic Properties
| Magnetic Type | Paramagnetic |
| Curie Point | - |
| Mass Magnetic Susceptibility | 4.01e-8 m3/kg |
| Molar Magnetic Susceptibility | 1.919e-9 m3/mol |
| Volume Magnetic Susceptibility | 0.0001807 |
Optical Properties of Titanium
| Refractive Index | - |
Acoustic Properties of Titanium
| Speed of Sound | 4140 m/s |
Titanium Thermal Properties - Enthalpies and thermodynamics
Refer to table below for Thermal properties of Titanium
| Melting Point | 1941 K(1667.85 °C, 3034.130 °F) |
| Boiling Point | 3560 K(3286.85 °C, 5948.330 °F) |
| Critical Temperature | - |
| Superconducting Point | 0.4 |
Enthalpies of Titanium
| Heat of Fusion | 18.7 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Vaporization | 425 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Combustion | - |
Titanium Isotopes - Nuclear Properties of Titanium
Titanium has 26 isotopes, with between 38 and 63 nucleons. Titanium has 5 stable naturally occuring isotopes.
Isotopes of Titanium - Naturally occurring stable Isotopes: 46Ti, 47Ti, 48Ti, 49Ti, 50Ti.
| Isotope | Z | N | Isotope Mass | % Abundance | T half | Decay Mode |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 38Ti | 22 | 16 | 38 | Synthetic | ||
| 39Ti | 22 | 17 | 39 | Synthetic | ||
| 40Ti | 22 | 18 | 40 | Synthetic | ||
| 41Ti | 22 | 19 | 41 | Synthetic | ||
| 42Ti | 22 | 20 | 42 | Synthetic | ||
| 43Ti | 22 | 21 | 43 | Synthetic | ||
| 44Ti | 22 | 22 | 44 | Synthetic | ||
| 45Ti | 22 | 23 | 45 | Synthetic | ||
| 46Ti | 22 | 24 | 46 | 8.25% | Stable | N/A |
| 47Ti | 22 | 25 | 47 | 7.44% | Stable | N/A |
| 48Ti | 22 | 26 | 48 | 73.72% | Stable | |
| 49Ti | 22 | 27 | 49 | 5.41% | Stable | N/A |
| 50Ti | 22 | 28 | 50 | 5.18% | Stable | N/A |
| 51Ti | 22 | 29 | 51 | Synthetic | ||
| 52Ti | 22 | 30 | 52 | Synthetic | ||
| 53Ti | 22 | 31 | 53 | Synthetic | ||
| 54Ti | 22 | 32 | 54 | Synthetic | ||
| 55Ti | 22 | 33 | 55 | Synthetic | ||
| 56Ti | 22 | 34 | 56 | Synthetic | ||
| 57Ti | 22 | 35 | 57 | Synthetic | ||
| 58Ti | 22 | 36 | 58 | Synthetic | ||
| 59Ti | 22 | 37 | 59 | Synthetic | ||
| 60Ti | 22 | 38 | 60 | Synthetic | ||
| 61Ti | 22 | 39 | 61 | Synthetic | ||
| 62Ti | 22 | 40 | 62 | Synthetic | ||
| 63Ti | 22 | 41 | 63 | Synthetic |
Regulatory and Health - Health and Safety Parameters and Guidelines
The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) identifies hazard class of all dangerous elements/goods/commodities either by its class (or division) number or name. The DOT has divided these materials into nine different categories, known as Hazard Classes.
| DOT Numbers | 2546 |
| DOT Hazard Class | 4.2 |
NFPA 704 is a Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response. NFPA is a standard maintained by the US based National Fire Protection Association.
The health (blue), flammability (red), and reactivity (yellow) rating all use a numbering scale ranging from 0 to 4. A value of zero means that the element poses no hazard; a rating of four indicates extreme danger.
| NFPA Fire Rating | 1 | Flash Points Above 93.3°C (200°F) |
| NFPA Health Rating | 1 | Flash Points Above 93.3°C (200°F) |
| NFPA Reactivity Rating | 2 | Flash Points Above 37.8°C (100°F) not exceeding 93.3°C (200°F) |
| NFPA Hazards |
| Autoignition Point | 250 °C |
| Flashpoint | - |
Database Search
List of unique identifiers to search the element in various chemical registry databases
| Database | Identifier number |
|---|---|
| CAS Number - Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) | CAS7440-32-6 |
| RTECS Number | - |
| CID Number | CID23963 |
| Gmelin Number | - |
| NSC Number | - |
Compare Titanium with other elements
Compare Titanium with Group 4, Period 4 and Transition Metal elements of the periodic table.
Compare Titanium with all Group 4 elements
Compare Titanium with all Period 4 elements
Compare Titanium with all Transition Metal elements
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Find the answers to the most frequently asked questions about Titanium